Preview

Variant: 1 New symptomatic vertebral compression fracture (VCF) identified on radiographs. No known malignancy. Next imaging study.

Procedure	Appropriateness Category
MRI spine area of interest without IV contrast	Usually Appropriate
CT spine area of interest without IV contrast	Usually Appropriate
Bone scan whole body	May Be Appropriate
SPECT or SPECT/CT spine area of interest	May Be Appropriate
CT spine area of interest with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate
CT spine area of interest without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate
MRI spine area of interest with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate
MRI spine area of interest without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate
CT myelography spine area of interest	Usually Not Appropriate
FDG-PET/CT skull base to mid-thigh	Usually Not Appropriate

Variant: 2 New symptomatic VCF identified on radiographs. History of malignancy. Next imaging study.

Procedure	Appropriateness Category
MRI spine area of interest without and with IV contrast	Usually Appropriate
CT spine area of interest without IV contrast	Usually Appropriate
MRI spine area of interest without IV contrast	Usually Appropriate
FDG-PET/CT skull base to mid-thigh	May Be Appropriate
Bone scan whole body	May Be Appropriate
Image-guided biopsy spine area of interest	May Be Appropriate
MRI spine area of interest with IV contrast	May Be Appropriate (Disagreement)
SPECT or SPECT/CT spine area of interest	May Be Appropriate
CT myelography spine area of interest	May Be Appropriate
CT spine area of interest with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate
CT spine area of interest without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate

Variant: 3 New back pain. Previously treated VCF or multiple VCFs. Initial Imaging.

Procedure	Appropriateness Category
CT spine area of interest without IV contrast	Usually Appropriate
MRI spine area of interest without IV contrast	Usually Appropriate
MRI spine area of interest without and with IV contrast	May Be Appropriate
Bone scan whole body	May Be Appropriate
FDG-PET/CT skull base to mid-thigh	May Be Appropriate
SPECT or SPECT/CT spine area of interest	May Be Appropriate
CT myelography spine area of interest	Usually Not Appropriate
CT spine area of interest with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate
CT spine area of interest without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate
MRI spine area of interest with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate

Variant: 4 Asymptomatic VCF identified on radiographs. History of malignancy. Next imaging study.

Procedure	Appropriateness Category
MRI spine area of interest without and with IV contrast	Usually Appropriate
CT spine area of interest without IV contrast	Usually Appropriate
MRI spine area of interest without IV contrast	Usually Appropriate
Bone scan whole body	May Be Appropriate
FDG-PET/CT skull base to mid-thigh	May Be Appropriate
Image-guided biopsy spine area of interest	May Be Appropriate
SPECT or SPECT/CT spine area of interest	May Be Appropriate
CT myelography spine area of interest	Usually Not Appropriate
CT spine area of interest with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate
CT spine area of interest without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate
MRI spine area of interest with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate

Variant: 5 Asymptomatic, osteoporotic VCF. Initial treatment.

Procedure	Appropriateness Category
Medical management only	Usually Appropriate
Percutaneous vertebral augmentation	Usually Not Appropriate
Surgical consultation	Usually Not Appropriate
Percutaneous ablation spine	Usually Not Appropriate
Radiation oncology consultation	Usually Not Appropriate

Variant: 6 Symptomatic osteoporotic VCF with bone marrow edema or intravertebral cleft. Initial treatment.

Procedure	Appropriateness Category
Medical management only	Usually Appropriate
Percutaneous vertebral augmentation	Usually Appropriate
Surgical consultation	May Be Appropriate
Percutaneous ablation spine	Usually Not Appropriate
Radiation oncology consultation	Usually Not Appropriate
Systemic radionuclide therapy	Usually Not Appropriate

Variant: 7 New symptomatic VCF. History of prior vertebroplasty or surgery. Initial treatment.

Procedure	Appropriateness Category
Percutaneous vertebral augmentation	Usually Appropriate
Medical management only	Usually Appropriate
Surgical consultation	May Be Appropriate
Percutaneous ablation spine	Usually Not Appropriate
Radiation oncology consultation	Usually Not Appropriate
Systemic radionuclide therapy	Usually Not Appropriate

Variant: 8 Benign VCF with worsening pain, deformity, or pulmonary dysfunction. Initial treatment.

Procedure	Appropriateness Category
Percutaneous vertebral augmentation	Usually Appropriate
Surgical consultation	Usually Appropriate
Medical management only	May Be Appropriate
Percutaneous ablation spine	Usually Not Appropriate
Radiation oncology consultation	Usually Not Appropriate
Systemic radionuclide therapy	Usually Not Appropriate

Variant: 9 Pathological VCF with ongoing or increasing mechanical pain. Initial treatment.

Procedure	Appropriateness Category
Radiation oncology consultation	Usually Appropriate
Surgical consultation	Usually Appropriate
Percutaneous ablation spine	Usually Appropriate
Percutaneous vertebral augmentation	Usually Appropriate
Medical management only	May Be Appropriate
Systemic radionuclide therapy	May Be Appropriate

The evidence table, literature search, and appendix for this topic are available at https://acsearch.acr.org/list. The appendix includes the strength of evidence assessment and the final rating round tabulations for each recommendation.

For additional information on the Appropriateness Criteria methodology and other supporting documents, please go to the ACR website at https://www.acr.org/Clinical-Resources/Clinical-Tools-and-Reference/Appropriateness-Criteria.

Appropriateness Category Name	Appropriateness Rating	Appropriateness Category Definition
Usually Appropriate	7, 8, or 9	The imaging procedure or treatment is indicated in the specified clinical scenarios at a favorable risk-benefit ratio for patients.
May Be Appropriate	4, 5, or 6	The imaging procedure or treatment may be indicated in the specified clinical scenarios as an alternative to imaging procedures or treatments with a more favorable risk-benefit ratio, or the risk-benefit ratio for patients is equivocal.
May Be Appropriate (Disagreement)	5	The individual ratings are too dispersed from the panel median. The different label provides transparency regarding the panel’s recommendation. “May be appropriate” is the rating category and a rating of 5 is assigned.
Usually Not Appropriate	1, 2, or 3	The imaging procedure or treatment is unlikely to be indicated in the specified clinical scenarios, or the risk-benefit ratio for patients is likely to be unfavorable.

1. [8324412] Teasell R, Dittmer DK. Complications of immobilization and bed rest. Part 2: Other complications. [Review] [23 refs]. Can Fam Physician. 39:1440-2, 1445-6, 1993 Jun.
2. [19800540] Radvany MG, Murphy KJ, Millward SF, et al. Research reporting standards for percutaneous vertebral augmentation. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2009; 20(10):1279-1286.
3. [28473075] Expert Panel on Musculoskeletal Imaging:, Ward RJ, Roberts CC, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria R Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Density. [Review]. J. Am. Coll. Radiol.. 14(5S):S189-S202, 2017 May.
4. [16934715] Kim DH, Vaccaro AR. Osteoporotic compression fractures of the spine; current options and considerations for treatment. Spine J. 2006; 6(5):479-487.
5. [16448873] Lane NE. Epidemiology, etiology, and diagnosis of osteoporosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 194(2 Suppl):S3-11.
6. [16392027] Siris ES, Brenneman SK, Barrett-Connor E, et al. The effect of age and bone mineral density on the absolute, excess, and relative risk of fracture in postmenopausal women aged 50-99: results from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (NORA). Osteoporos Int. 2006; 17(4):565-574.
7. [15185058] Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, De Laet C, Mellstrom D. Epidemiology of osteoporosis and fracture in men. [Review] [80 refs]. Calcif Tissue Int. 75(2):90-9, 2004 Aug.
8. [10093980] Center JR, Nguyen TV, Schneider D, Sambrook PN, Eisman JA. Mortality after all major types of osteoporotic fracture in men and women: an observational study. Lancet. 353(9156):878-82, 1999 Mar 13.
9. [32068503] Hinde K, Maingard J, Hirsch JA, Phan K, Asadi H, Chandra RV. Mortality Outcomes of Vertebral Augmentation (Vertebroplasty and/or Balloon Kyphoplasty) for Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Radiology. 295(1):96-103, 2020 04.
10. [31857326] Hirsch JA, Chandra RV, Carter NS, Beall D, Frohbergh M, Ong K. Number Needed to Treat with Vertebral Augmentation to Save a Life. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 41(1):178-182, 2020 01.
11. [-3144977] Schajowicz F. Aneurysmal bone cyst. In: Schajowicz F, ed. Histologic Typing of Bone Tumors. 2nd ed. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag; 1992:37.
12. [14519867] Kallmes DF, Jensen ME. Percutaneous vertebroplasty. Radiology. 2003; 229(1):27-36.
13. [19251485] McGirt MJ, Parker SL, Wolinsky JP, Witham TF, Bydon A, Gokaslan ZL. Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty for the treatment of vertebral compression fractures: an evidenced-based review of the literature. Spine J. 2009; 9(6):501-508.
14. [21709187] Fourney DR, Frangou EM, Ryken TC, et al. Spinal instability neoplastic score: an analysis of reliability and validity from the spine oncology study group. J Clin Oncol. 29(22):3072-7, 2011 Aug 01.
15. [29048517] Faruqi S, Tseng CL, Whyne C, et al. Vertebral Compression Fracture After Spine Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy: A Review of the Pathophysiology and Risk Factors. Neurosurgery 2017:[E-pub ahead of print].
16. [20809724] Bilsky MH, Laufer I, Fourney DR, et al. Reliability analysis of the epidural spinal cord compression scale. J Neurosurg Spine. 13(3):324-8, 2010 Sep.
17. [24253785] Korovessis P, Vardakastanis K, Vitsas V, Syrimpeis V. Is Kiva implant advantageous to balloon kyphoplasty in treating osteolytic metastasis to the spine? Comparison of 2 percutaneous minimal invasive spine techniques: a prospective randomized controlled short-term study. Spine. 39(4):E231-9, 2014 Feb 15.
18. [25586503] Ortiz AO.. Use and evaluation of a semi-permeable mesh implant in vertebral augmentation for the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Journal of Neurointerventional Surgery. 8(3):328-32, 2016 Mar.
19. [26521157] Renaud C.. Treatment of vertebral compression fractures with the cranio-caudal expandable implant SpineJack: Technical note and outcomes in 77 consecutive patients. Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research. 101(7):857-9, 2015 Nov.
20. [25822543] Tutton SM, Pflugmacher R, Davidian M, Beall DP, Facchini FR, Garfin SR. KAST Study: The Kiva System As a Vertebral Augmentation Treatment-A Safety and Effectiveness Trial: A Randomized, Noninferiority Trial Comparing the Kiva System With Balloon Kyphoplasty in Treatment of Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2015;40(12):865-875.
21. [24315046] Chen D, An ZQ, Song S, Tang JF, Qin H. Percutaneous vertebroplasty compared with conservative treatment in patients with chronic painful osteoporotic spinal fractures. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 21(3):473-7, 2014 Mar.
22. [27544377] Clark W, Bird P, Gonski P, et al. Safety and efficacy of vertebroplasty for acute painful osteoporotic fractures (VAPOUR): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 388(10052):1408-1416, 2016 Oct 01.
23. [21375382] Farrokhi MR, Alibai E, Maghami Z. Randomized controlled trial of percutaneous vertebroplasty versus optimal medical management for the relief of pain and disability in acute osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Journal of Neurosurgery Spine. 14(5):561-9, 2011 May.
24. [24901876] Chen C, Bian J, Zhang W, Zhang W, Zhao C, Wei H. Unilateral versus bilateral vertebroplasty for severe osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques. 27(8):E301-4, 2014 Dec.
25. [25300981] Dohm M, Black CM, Dacre A, Tillman JB, Fueredi G, KAVIAR investigators. A randomized trial comparing balloon kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty for vertebral compression fractures due to osteoporosis. Ajnr: American Journal of Neuroradiology. 35(12):2227-36, 2014 Dec.
26. [26280719] Du J, Li X, Lin X. Kyphoplasty versus vertebroplasty in the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: two-year follow-up in a prospective controlled study. Acta Orthopaedica Belgica. 80(4):477-86, 2014 Dec.
27. [26109687] Evans AJ, Kip KE, Brinjikji W, et al. Randomized controlled trial of vertebroplasty versus kyphoplasty in the treatment of vertebral compression fractures. Journal of Neurointerventional Surgery. 8(7):756-63, 2016 Jul.
28. [25884343] Liu JT, Li CS, Chang CS, Liao WJ. Long-term follow-up study of osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture treated using balloon kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty. Journal of Neurosurgery Spine. 23(1):94-8, 2015 Jul.
29. [26071690] Zhang L, Liu Z, Wang J, et al. Unipedicular versus bipedicular percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: a prospective randomized study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 16:145, 2015 Jun 14.
30. [25844701] Zhao DH, Chen K, Zhu J, Yang X, Dong F, Wang WB. Postoperative Functional Evaluation of Percutaneous Vertebroplasty Compared With Percutaneous Kyphoplasty for Vertebral Compression Fractures. American Journal of Therapeutics. 23(6):e1381-e1390, 2016 Nov/Dec.
31. [14736654] Brown DB, Gilula LA, Sehgal M, Shimony JS. Treatment of chronic symptomatic vertebral compression fractures with percutaneous vertebroplasty. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 182(2):319-22, 2004 Feb.
32. [22628598] Nieuwenhuijse MJ, van Erkel AR, Dijkstra PD. Percutaneous vertebroplasty for subacute and chronic painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures can safely be undertaken in the first year after the onset of symptoms. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery - British Volume. 94(6):815-20, 2012 Jun.
33. [23021641] Syed MI, Shaikh A, Cortoss Study Group. Does age of fracture affect the outcome of vertebroplasty? Results from data from a prospective multicenter FDA IDE study. Journal of Vascular & Interventional Radiology. 23(11):1416-22, 2012 Nov.
34. [22116114] Venmans A, Klazen CA, Lohle PN, Mali WP, van Rooij WJ. Natural history of pain in patients with conservatively treated osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: results from VERTOS II. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 33(3):519-21, 2012 Mar.
35. [-3194749] American College of Radiology. ACR–ASNR–ASSR–SIR–SNIS Practice Parameter for the Performance of Vertebral Augmentation. Available at: https://gravitas.acr.org/PPTS/GetDocumentView?docId=161+&releaseId=2
36. [24325929] Barr JD, Jensen ME, Hirsch JA, et al. Position Statement on Percutaneous Vertebral Augmentation: A Consensus Statement Developed by the Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR), American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) and the Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS), American College of Radiology (ACR), American Society of Neuroradiology (ASNR), American Society of Spine Radiology (ASSR), Canadian Interventional Radiology Association (CIRA), and the Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery (SNIS). J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2014;25(2):171-181.
37. [28352355] Yang PL, He XJ, Li HP, Zang QJ, Wang GY. Image-guided minimally invasive percutaneous treatment of spinal metastasis. Experimental Ther. Med.. 13(2):705-709, 2017 Feb.
38. [19727855] Parizel PM, van der Zijden T, Gaudino S, et al. Trauma of the spine and spinal cord: imaging strategies. Eur Spine J. 2010; 19 Suppl 1:S8-17.
39. [22091375] Nairn RJ, Binkhamis S, Sheikh A. Current perspectives on percutaneous vertebroplasty: current evidence/controversies, patient selection and assessment, and technique and complications. Radiol Res Pract. 2011; 2011:175079.
40. [28065376] Diekhoff T, Hermann KG, Pumberger M, Hamm B, Putzier M, Fuchs M. Dual-energy CT virtual non-calcium technique for detection of bone marrow edema in patients with vertebral fractures: A prospective feasibility study on a single- source volume CT scanner. European Journal of Radiology. 87:59-65, 2017 Feb.
41. [26537691] Karaca L, Yuceler Z, Kantarci M, et al. The feasibility of dual-energy CT in differentiation of vertebral compression fractures. Br J Radiol. 89(1057):20150300, 2016.
42. [26928067] Kaup M, Wichmann JL, Scholtz JE, et al. Dual-Energy CT-based Display of Bone Marrow Edema in Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures: Impact on Diagnostic Accuracy of Radiologists with Varying Levels of Experience in Correlation to MR Imaging. Radiology. 280(2):510-9, 2016 Aug.
43. [19282740] Benz BK, Gemery JM, McIntyre JJ, Eskey CJ. Value of immediate preprocedure magnetic resonance imaging in patients scheduled to undergo vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009; 34(6):609-612.
44. [21162942] Ma X, Wang LX, Wang HL, Jiang L, Lu FZ, Jiang JY. Value of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging measurements in thoracic percutaneous vertebroplasty using unilateral. Chin Med J (Engl). 2010; 123(21):2983-2988.
45. [19504131] Spiegl UJ, Beisse R, Hauck S, Grillhosl A, Buhren V. Value of MRI imaging prior to a kyphoplasty for osteoporotic insufficiency fractures. Eur Spine J. 2009; 18(9):1287-1292.
46. [23619191] Park SY, Lee SH, Suh SW, Park JH, Kim TG. Usefulness of MRI in determining the appropriate level of cement augmentation for acute osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques. 26(3):E80-5, 2013 May.
47. [18831901] Yang HL, Wang GL, Niu GQ, et al. Using MRI to determine painful vertebrae to be treated by kyphoplasty in multiple-level vertebral compression fractures: a prospective study. Journal of International Medical Research. 36(5):1056-63, 2008 Sep-Oct.
48. [21779855] Pizones J, Izquierdo E, Alvarez P, et al. Impact of magnetic resonance imaging on decision making for thoracolumbar traumatic fracture diagnosis and treatment. Eur Spine J. 20 Suppl 3:390-6, 2011 Aug.
49. [21217433] Tsujio T, Nakamura H, Terai H, et al. Characteristic radiographic or magnetic resonance images of fresh osteoporotic vertebral fractures predicting potential risk for nonunion: a prospective multicenter study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011; 36(15):1229-1235.
50. [25946722] Piazzolla A, Solarino G, Lamartina C, et al. Vertebral Bone Marrow Edema (VBME) in Conservatively Treated Acute Vertebral Compression Fractures (VCFs): Evolution and Clinical Correlations. Spine. 40(14):E842-8, 2015 Jul 15.
51. [16687528] Voormolen MH, van Rooij WJ, van der Graaf Y, et al. Bone marrow edema in osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures after percutaneous vertebroplasty and relation with clinical outcome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 27(5):983-8, 2006 May.
52. [22927151] Tang ZB, Lei Z, Yang HL, Chen KW. Value of bone scan imaging in determining painful vertebrae of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures patients with contraindications to MRI. Orthop Surg. 4(3):172-6, 2012 Aug.
53. [20706042] Jordan E, Choe D, Miller T, Chamarthy M, Brook A, Freeman LM. Utility of bone scintigraphy to determine the appropriate vertebral augmentation levels. Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 35(9):687-91, 2010 Sep.
54. [18349795] Karam M, Lavelle WF, Cheney R. The role of bone scintigraphy in treatment planning, and predicting pain relief after kyphoplasty. Nuclear Medicine Communications. 29(3):247-53, 2008 Mar.
55. [26364958] Lin HH, Chou PH, Wang ST, Yu JK, Chang MC, Liu CL. Determination of the painful level in osteoporotic vertebral fractures--Retrospective comparison between plain film, bone scan, and magnetic resonance imaging. J Chin Med Assoc. 78(12):714-8, 2015 Dec.
56. [21165311] Kim JH, Kim JI, Jang BH, Seo JG. The comparison of bone scan and MRI in osteoporotic compression fractures. Asian Spine J. 2010; 4(2):89-95.
57. [23559712] Kumar K, Halkar RK, Bartley SC, Schuster DM. Incremental benefit of SPECT + CT bone scans over conventional planar and SPECT bone scans in vertebroplasty. Indian J. Nucl. Med.. 26(4):181-4, 2011 Oct.
58. [24694774] ap Dafydd D, Salem S, Zerizer I, et al. The value of combined assessment of vertebral fractures with 99mTc MDP scintigraphy and MRI in selecting and planning percutaneous vertebroplasty. Nucl Med Commun. 35(7):755-61, 2014 Jul.
59. [22208854] Sola M, Perez R, Cuadras P, et al. Value of bone SPECT-CT to predict chronic pain relief after percutaneous vertebroplasty in vertebral fractures. Spine Journal: Official Journal of the North American Spine Society. 11(12):1102-7, 2011 Dec.
60. [29893749] Li YB, Zheng X, Wang R, et al. SPECT-CT versus MRI in localizing active lesions in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Nucl Med Commun. 39(7):610-617, 2018 Jul.
61. [12195540] Schmitz A, Risse JH, Textor J, et al. FDG-PET findings of vertebral compression fractures in osteoporosis: preliminary results. Osteoporos Int. 13(9):755-61, 2002 Sep.
62. [11914890] Gratz S, Dorner J, Fischer U, et al. 18F-FDG hybrid PET in patients with suspected spondylitis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 29(4):516-24, 2002 Apr.
63. [12811277] De Winter F, Gemmel F, Van De Wiele C, Poffijn B, Uyttendaele D, Dierckx R. 18-Fluorine fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for the diagnosis of infection in the postoperative spine. Spine. 28(12):1314-9, 2003 Jun 15.
64. [3277565] McHenry MC, Duchesneau PM, Keys TF, Rehm SJ, Boumphrey FR. Vertebral osteomyelitis presenting as spinal compression fracture. Six patients with underlying osteoporosis. [Review] [25 refs]. Arch Intern Med. 148(2):417-23, 1988 Feb.
65. [29348133] Mauch JT, Carr CM, Cloft H, Diehn FE. Review of the Imaging Features of Benign Osteoporotic and Malignant Vertebral Compression Fractures. [Review]. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 39(9):1584-1592, 2018 09.
66. [28670417] Takigawa T, Tanaka M, Sugimoto Y, Tetsunaga T, Nishida K, Ozaki T. Discrimination between Malignant and Benign Vertebral Fractures Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Asian spine j.. 11(3):478-483, 2017 Jun.
67. [26376170] Torres C, Hammond I. Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Differentiation of Osteoporotic Fractures From Neoplastic Metastatic Fractures. J Clin Densitom. 19(1):63-9, 2016 Jan-Mar.
68. [2740506] Yuh WT, Zachar CK, Barloon TJ, Sato Y, Sickels WJ, Hawes DR. Vertebral compression fractures: distinction between benign and malignant causes with MR imaging. Radiology. 172(1):215-8, 1989 Jul.
69. [21214309] Cho WI, Chang UK. Comparison of MR imaging and FDG-PET/CT in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant vertebral compression fractures. J Neurosurg Spine. 14(2):177-83, 2011 Feb.
70. [21857034] Abdel-Wanis ME, Solyman MT, Hasan NM. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging for differentiating vertebral compression fractures caused by malignancy, osteoporosis, and infections. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery. 19(2):145-50, 2011 Aug.
71. [21555353] Kim DH, Rosenblum JK, Panghaal VS, Freeman KD, Lui YW. Differentiating neoplastic from nonneoplastic processes in the anterior extradural space. Radiology. 260(3):825-30, 2011 Sep.
72. [22487972] Choi J, Raghavan M. Diagnostic imaging and image-guided therapy of skeletal metastases. [Review]. Cancer Control. 19(2):102-12, 2012 Apr.
73. [32105873] Kim SJ, Lee JS. Diagnostic Performance of F-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography or Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography for Differentiation of Benign and Malignant Vertebral Compression Fractures: A Meta-Analysis. World Neurosurg. 137:e626-e633, 2020 05.
74. [27694173] Beheshti M, Rezaee A, Geinitz H, Loidl W, Pirich C, Langsteger W. Evaluation of Prostate Cancer Bone Metastases with 18F-NaF and 18F-Fluorocholine PET/CT. [Review]. J Nucl Med. 57(Suppl 3):55S-60S, 2016 Oct.
75. [19829253] Muijs SP, Akkermans PA, van Erkel AR, Dijkstra SD. The value of routinely performing a bone biopsy during percutaneous vertebroplasty in treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Spine. 34(22):2395-9, 2009 Oct 15.
76. [22637642] Martin DJ, Rad AE, Kallmes DF. Prevalence of extravertebral cement leakage after vertebroplasty: procedural documentation versus CT detection. Acta Radiol. 53(5):569-72, 2012 Jun 01.
77. [15690210] Schmidt R, Cakir B, Mattes T, Wegener M, Puhl W, Richter M. Cement leakage during vertebroplasty: an underestimated problem?. Eur Spine J. 14(5):466-73, 2005 Jun.
78. [20528649] Lee IJ, Choi AL, Yie MY, et al. CT evaluation of local leakage of bone cement after percutaneous kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty. Acta Radiol. 51(6):649-54, 2010 Jul.
79. [24792612] Kathuria S. Post-vertebral augmentation spine imaging. [Review]. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 24(2):337-47, 2014 May.
80. [17361377] Fossaceca R, Di Terlizzi M, Stecco A, et al. MRI post-vertebroplasty. Radiol Med (Torino). 112(2):185-94, 2007 Mar.
81. [26354526] Wallace AN, Robinson CG, Meyer J, et al. The Metastatic Spine Disease Multidisciplinary Working Group Algorithms. Oncologist. 20(10):1205-15, 2015 Oct.
82. [22956190] Lopez-Olivo MA, Shah NA, Pratt G, Risser JM, Symanski E, Suarez-Almazor ME. Bisphosphonates in the treatment of patients with lung cancer and metastatic bone disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. [Review]. Support Care Cancer. 20(11):2985-98, 2012 Nov.
83. [22336790] Wong MH, Stockler MR, Pavlakis N. Bisphosphonates and other bone agents for breast cancer. [Review][Update of Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(3):CD003474; PMID: 16034900]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2)CD003474, 2012 Feb 15.
84. [17054286] Yuen KK, Shelley M, Sze WM, Wilt T, Mason MD. Bisphosphonates for advanced prostate cancer. [Review] [51 refs]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (4)CD006250, 2006 Oct 18.
85. [21353695] Fizazi K, Carducci M, Smith M, et al. Denosumab versus zoledronic acid for treatment of bone metastases in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer: a randomised, double-blind study. Lancet. 377(9768):813-22, 2011 Mar 05.
86. [21343556] Henry DH, Costa L, Goldwasser F, et al. Randomized, double-blind study of denosumab versus zoledronic acid in the treatment of bone metastases in patients with advanced cancer (excluding breast and prostate cancer) or multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 29(9):1125-32, 2011 Mar 20.
87. [21060033] Stopeck AT, Lipton A, Body JJ, et al. Denosumab compared with zoledronic acid for the treatment of bone metastases in patients with advanced breast cancer: a randomized, double-blind study. J Clin Oncol. 28(35):5132-9, 2010 Dec 10.
88. [24484060] Sung JK, Jee WH, Jung JY, et al. Differentiation of acute osteoporotic and malignant compression fractures of the spine: use of additive qualitative and quantitative axial diffusion-weighted MR imaging to conventional MR imaging at 3.0 T. Radiology. 271(2):488-98, 2014 May.
89. [22194515] Tanigawa N, Kariya S, Komemushi A, Nakatani M, Yagi R, Sawada S. Added value of percutaneous vertebroplasty: effects on respiratory function. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012; 198(1):W51-54.
90. [8059251] Kroon HM, Bloem JL, Holscher HC, van der Woude HJ, Reijnierse M, Taminiau AH. MR imaging of edema accompanying benign and malignant bone tumors. Skeletal Radiol 1994;23:261-9.
91. [20580503] Biffar A, Sourbron S, Dietrich O, et al. Combined diffusion-weighted and dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging of patients with acute osteoporotic vertebral fractures.[Erratum appears in Eur J Radiol. 2011 Mar;77(3):528]. Eur J Radiol. 76(3):298-303, 2010 Dec.
92. [-3194747] Karimi S, Cho NS, Peck KK, Holodny AI. The Role of Advanced Imaging in Spinal Metastases. In: Ramakrishna R, Magge R, Baaj A, Kinisely J, eds. Central Nervous System Metastases: Springer; 2020.
93. [19530588] Chiewvit P, Danchaivijitr N, Sirivitmaitrie K, Chiewvit S, Thephamongkhol K. Does magnetic resonance imaging give value-added than bone scintigraphy in the detection of vertebral metastasis?. J Med Assoc Thai. 92(6):818-29, 2009 Jun.
94. [26204297] Wallace AN, Greenwood TJ, Jennings JW. Use of Imaging in the Management of Metastatic Spine Disease With Percutaneous Ablation and Vertebral Augmentation. [Review]. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 205(2):434-41, 2015 Aug.
95. [27441748] Jabbari S, Gerszten PC, Ruschin M, Larson DA, Lo SS, Sahgal A. Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Spinal Metastases: Practice Guidelines, Outcomes, and Risks. [Review]. Cancer J. 22(4):280-9, 2016 Jul-Aug.
96. [23960179] Sahgal A, Atenafu EG, Chao S, et al. Vertebral compression fracture after spine stereotactic body radiotherapy: a multi-institutional analysis with a focus on radiation dose and the spinal instability neoplastic score. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 31(27):3426-31, 2013 Sep 20.
97. [11110531] Maynard AS, Jensen ME, Schweickert PA, Marx WF, Short JG, Kallmes DF. Value of bone scan imaging in predicting pain relief from percutaneous vertebroplasty in osteoporotic vertebral fractures. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 21(10):1807-12, 2000 Nov-Dec.
98. [12369658] Cook GJ, Hannaford E, See M, Clarke SE, Fogelman I. The value of bone scintigraphy in the evaluation of osteoporotic patients with back pain. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 31(4):245-8, 2002.
99. [8254410] Gosfield E 3rd, Alavi A, Kneeland B. Comparison of radionuclide bone scans and magnetic resonance imaging in detecting spinal metastases. J Nucl Med. 34(12):2191-8, 1993 Dec.
100. [18993040] Venkitaraman R, Cook GJ, Dearnaley DP, et al. Does magnetic resonance imaging of the spine have a role in the staging of prostate cancer?. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 21(1):39-42, 2009 Feb.
101. [23251117] Alexandru D, So W. Evaluation and management of vertebral compression fractures. [Review]. Permanente Journal. 16(4):46-51, 2012Fall.
102. [30767427] Liang Y, Liu P, Jiang LB, et al. Value of CT-guided Core Needle Biopsy in Diagnosing Spinal Lesions: A Comparison Study. Orthop Surg. 11(1):60-65, 2019 Feb.
103. [1836154] Patel U, Skingle S, Campbell GA, Crisp AJ, Boyle IT. Clinical profile of acute vertebral compression fractures in osteoporosis. Br J Rheumatol. 1991; 30(6):418-421.
104. [1627411] Silverman SL. The clinical consequences of vertebral compression fracture. Bone. 1992; 13 Suppl 2:S27-31.
105. [16823557] Ploeg WT, Veldhuizen AG, The B, Sietsma MS. Percutaneous vertebroplasty as a treatment for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: a systematic review. [Review] [56 refs]. Eur Spine J. 15(12):1749-58, 2006 Dec.
106. [17353335] Voormolen MH, Mali WP, Lohle PN, et al. Percutaneous vertebroplasty compared with optimal pain medication treatment: short-term clinical outcome of patients with subacute or chronic painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. The VERTOS study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007; 28(3):555-560.
107. [24077202] Anselmetti GC, Bernard J, Blattert T, et al. Criteria for the appropriate treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Pain physician. 16(5):E519-30, 2013 Sep-Oct.
108. [19478654] Rousing R, Andersen MO, Jespersen SM, Thomsen K, Lauritsen J. Percutaneous vertebroplasty compared to conservative treatment in patients with painful acute or subacute osteoporotic vertebral fractures: three-months follow-up in a clinical randomized study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009; 34(13):1349-1354.
109. [28739478] Parreira PCS, Maher CG, Megale RZ, March L, Ferreira ML. An overview of clinical guidelines for the management of vertebral compression fracture: a systematic review. [Review]. Spine J. 17(12):1932-1938, 2017 12.
110. [12879220] Papaioannou A, Adachi JD, Winegard K, et al. Efficacy of home-based exercise for improving quality of life among elderly women with symptomatic osteoporosis-related vertebral fractures. Osteoporos Int. 14(8):677-82, 2003 Aug.
111. [12052450] Sinaki M, Itoi E, Wahner HW, et al. Stronger back muscles reduce the incidence of vertebral fractures: a prospective 10 year follow-up of postmenopausal women. Bone. 30(6):836-41, 2002 Jun.
112. [18566009] Georgy BA.. Metastatic spinal lesions: state-of-the-art treatment options and future trends. [Review] [40 refs]. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 29(9):1605-11, 2008 Oct.
113. [19657122] Kallmes DF, Comstock BA, Heagerty PJ, et al. A randomized trial of vertebroplasty for osteoporotic spinal fractures. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361(6):569-579.
114. [19657121] Buchbinder R, Osborne RH, Ebeling PR, et al. A randomized trial of vertebroplasty for painful osteoporotic vertebral fractures. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361(6):557-568.
115. [20701962] Klazen CA, Lohle PN, de Vries J, et al. Vertebroplasty versus conservative treatment in acute osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (Vertos II): an open-label randomised trial. Lancet. 2010; 376(9746):1085-1092.
116. [20190623] Rousing R, Hansen KL, Andersen MO, Jespersen SM, Thomsen K, Lauritsen JM. Twelve-months follow-up in forty-nine patients with acute/semiacute osteoporotic vertebral fractures treated conservatively or with percutaneous vertebroplasty: a clinical randomized study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010; 35(5):478-482.
117. [19246088] Wardlaw D, Cummings SR, Van Meirhaeghe J, et al. Efficacy and safety of balloon kyphoplasty compared with non-surgical care for vertebral compression fracture (FREE): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009; 373(9668):1016-1024.
118. [25787683] Kanayama M, Oha F, Iwata A, Hashimoto T. Does balloon kyphoplasty improve the global spinal alignment in osteoporotic vertebral fracture?. International Orthopaedics. 39(6):1137-43, 2015 Jun.
119. [16429288] Bouza C, Lopez T, Magro A, Navalpotro L, Amate JM. Efficacy and safety of balloon kyphoplasty in the treatment of vertebral compression fractures: a systematic review. [Review] [60 refs]. Eur Spine J. 15(7):1050-67, 2006 Jul.
120. [27400110] Noriega DC, Kruger A, Ramajo RH, Ardura F, Munoz M, Sahin S. Long-Term Benefits of Percutaneous Anatomical Restoration of Vertebral Compression Fractures Linked to Malignancy. Turkish Neurosurgery. 26(4):608-14, 2016.
121. [23391839] Yokoyama K, Kawanishi M, Yamada M, et al. In not only vertebroplasty but also kyphoplasty, the resolution of vertebral deformities depends on vertebral mobility. Ajnr: American Journal of Neuroradiology. 34(7):1474-8, 2013 Jul.
122. [25404372] Yokoyama K, Kawanishi M, Yamada M, et al. Postoperative change in sagittal balance after Kyphoplasty for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture. European Spine Journal. 24(4):744-9, 2015 Apr.
123. [18989668] Dong R, Chen L, Gu Y, et al. Improvement in respiratory function after vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty. Int Orthop. 33(6):1689-94, 2009 Dec.
124. [20625321] Lee JS, Kim KW, Ha KY. The effect of vertebroplasty on pulmonary function in patients with osteoporotic compression fractures of the thoracic spine. Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques. 24(2):E11-5, 2011 Apr.
125. [26630417] Yang EZ, Xu JG, Huang GZ, et al. Percutaneous Vertebroplasty Versus Conservative Treatment in Aged Patients With Acute Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Clinical Study. Spine. 41(8):653-60, 2016 Apr.
126. [31325625] Noriega D, Marcia S, Theumann N, et al. A prospective, international, randomized, noninferiority study comparing an implantable titanium vertebral augmentation device versus balloon kyphoplasty in the reduction of vertebral compression fractures (SAKOS study). Spine J. 19(11):1782-1795, 2019 11.
127. [30552168] Cianfoni A, Distefano D, Isalberti M, et al. Stent-screw-assisted internal fixation: the SAIF technique to augment severe osteoporotic and neoplastic vertebral body fractures. J Neurointerv Surg. 11(6):603-609, 2019 Jun.
128. [20372942] Pneumaticos SG, Chatziioannou SN, Savvidou C, Pilichou A, Rontogianni D, Korres DS. Routine needle biopsy during vertebral augmentation procedures. Is it necessary?. European Spine Journal. 19(11):1894-8, 2010 Nov.
129. [21076886] Venturi C, Barbero S, Tappero C, et al. Coaxial biopsy during percutaneous vertebroplasty in patients with presumed osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: retrospective review of biopsy results. Radiologia Medica. 116(2):302-9, 2011 Mar.
130. [25808687] Lehman RA Jr, Kang DG, Wagner SC. Management of osteoporosis in spine surgery. [Review]. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 23(4):253-63, 2015 Apr.
131. [20410421] Lin CC, Shen WC, Lo YC, et al. Recurrent pain after percutaneous vertebroplasty. [Review] [62 refs]. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 194(5):1323-9, 2010 May.
132. [21191607] Chen LH, Hsieh MK, Liao JC, et al. Repeated percutaneous vertebroplasty for refracture of cemented vertebrae. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 131(7):927-33, 2011 Jul.
133. [29743284] Firanescu CE, de Vries J, Lodder P, et al. Vertebroplasty versus sham procedure for painful acute osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (VERTOS IV): randomised sham controlled clinical trial. BMJ. 361:k1551, 2018 05 09.
134. [28072794] Zhang H, Xu C, Zhang T, Gao Z, Zhang T, Does Percutaneous Vertebroplasty or Balloon Kyphoplasty for Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures Increase the Incidence of New Vertebral Fractures? A Meta-Analysis. [Review]. Pain physician. 20(1):E13-E28, 2017 Jan-Feb.
135. [20672965] Kawaguchi S, Horigome K, Yajima H, et al. Symptomatic relevance of intravertebral cleft in patients with osteoporotic vertebral fracture. J Neurosurg Spine. 13(2):267-75, 2010 Aug.
136. [19581311] Ryu CW, Han H, Lee YM, Lim MK. The intravertebral cleft in benign vertebral compression fracture: the diagnostic performance of non-enhanced MRI and fat-suppressed contrast-enhanced MRI. Br J Radiol. 82(984):976-81, 2009 Dec.
137. [21629164] Kim JM, Losina E, Bono CM, et al. Clinical outcome of metastatic spinal cord compression treated with surgical excision +/- radiation versus radiation therapy alone: a systematic review of literature. [Review]. Spine. 37(1):78-84, 2012 Jan 01.
138. [10892628] Babayev M, Lachmann E, Nagler W. The controversy surrounding sacral insufficiency fractures: to ambulate or not to ambulate?. [Review] [59 refs]. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 79(4):404-9, 2000 Jul-Aug.
139. [8324411] Dittmer DK, Teasell R. Complications of immobilization and bed rest. Part 1: Musculoskeletal and cardiovascular complications. [Review] [48 refs]. Can Fam Physician. 39:1428-32, 1435-7, 1993 Jun.
140. [24744201] Masala S, Magrini A, Taglieri A, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs): improvement of pulmonary function after percutaneous vertebroplasty (VTP). European Radiology. 24(7):1577-85, 2014 Jul.
141. [24077200] Otten LA, Bornemnn R, Jansen TR, et al. Comparison of balloon kyphoplasty with the new Kiva VCF system for the treatment of vertebral compression fractures. Pain Physician. 16(5):E505-12, 2013 Sep-Oct.
142. [15047923] Klimo P Jr, Schmidt MH. Surgical management of spinal metastases. [Review] [80 refs]. Oncologist. 9(2):188-96, 2004.
143. [29794238] Khan MA, Deib G, Deldar B, Patel AM, Barr JS. Efficacy and Safety of Percutaneous Microwave Ablation and Cementoplasty in the Treatment of Painful Spinal Metastases and Myeloma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 39(7):1376-1383, 2018 07.
144. [24927327] Hillen TJ, Anchala P, Friedman MV, Jennings JW. Treatment of metastatic posterior vertebral body osseous tumors by using a targeted bipolar radiofrequency ablation device: technical note. Radiology. 273(1):261-7, 2014 Oct.
145. [33308579] Tomasian A, Jennings JW. Vertebral Metastases: Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Thermal Ablation. [Review]. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 23(4):100699, 2020 Dec.
146. [26635286] Wallace AN, Tomasian A, Vaswani D, Vyhmeister R, Chang RO, Jennings JW. Radiographic Local Control of Spinal Metastases with Percutaneous Radiofrequency Ablation and Vertebral Augmentation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 37(4):759-65, 2016 Apr.
147. [31677728] Tomasian A, Jennings JW. Hot and Cold Spine Tumor Ablations. [Review]. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 29(4):529-538, 2019 Nov.
148. [21333599] Berenson J, Pflugmacher R, Jarzem P, et al. Balloon kyphoplasty versus non-surgical fracture management for treatment of painful vertebral body compression fractures in patients with cancer: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2011; 12(3):225-235.
149. [8685351] Cotten A, Dewatre F, Cortet B, et al. Percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteolytic metastases and myeloma: effects of the percentage of lesion filling and the leakage of methyl methacrylate at clinical follow-up. Radiology. 200(2):525-30, 1996 Aug.
150. [20562730] Fisher CG, DiPaola CP, Ryken TC, et al. A novel classification system for spinal instability in neoplastic disease: an evidence-based approach and expert consensus from the Spine Oncology Study Group. [Review]. Spine. 35(22):E1221-9, 2010 Oct 15.
151. [-3121235] National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Metastatic spinal cord compression in adults: risk assessment, diagnosis and management. 2008; Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg75.
152. [26337716] George R, Jeba J, Ramkumar G, Chacko AG, Tharyan P. Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults. [Review][Update of Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(4):CD006716; PMID: 18843728]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (9)CD006716, 2015 Sep 04.
153. [15450879] Fourney DR, Gokaslan ZL. Anterior approaches for thoracolumbar metastatic spine tumors. [Review] [32 refs]. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 15(4):443-51, 2004 Oct.
154. [16112300] Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Regine WF, et al. Direct decompressive surgical resection in the treatment of spinal cord compression caused by metastatic cancer: a randomised trial. Lancet. 366(9486):643-8, 2005 Aug 20-26.
155. [28937455] Dong L, Tan M, Wu D, et al. Palliative Surgery for Spinal Metastases Using Posterior Decompression and Fixation Combined With Intraoperative Vertebroplasty. Clin Spine Surg. 30(8):343-349, 2017 Oct.
156. [21277118] Lutz S, Berk L, Chang E, et al. Palliative radiotherapy for bone metastases: an ASTRO evidence-based guideline. [Review]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 79(4):965-76, 2011 Mar 15.
157. [6178497] Tong D, Gillick L, Hendrickson FR. The palliation of symptomatic osseous metastases: final results of the Study by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. Cancer. 50(5):893-9, 1982 Sep 01.
158. [7607970] Maranzano E, Latini P. Effectiveness of radiation therapy without surgery in metastatic spinal cord compression: final results from a prospective trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 32(4):959-67, 1995 Jul 15.
159. [15450875] Wu AS, Fourney DR. Evolution of treatment for metastatic spine disease. [Review] [67 refs]. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 15(4):401-11, 2004 Oct.
160. [32484754] Palma DA, Olson R, Harrow S, et al. Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy for the Comprehensive Treatment of Oligometastatic Cancers: Long-Term Results of the SABR-COMET Phase II Randomized Trial. J Clin Oncol 2020;38:2830-38.
161. [31119099] Zeng KL, Tseng CL, Soliman H, Weiss Y, Sahgal A, Myrehaug S. Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) for Oligometastatic Spine Metastases: An Overview. [Review]. Front. oncol.. 9:337, 2019.
162. [34126044] Sahgal A, Myrehaug SD, Siva S, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy versus conventional external beam radiotherapy in patients with painful spinal metastases: an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 2/3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 22(7):1023-1033, 2021 07.
163. [32540335] Chen X, Gui C, Grimm J, et al. Normal tissue complication probability of vertebral compression fracture after stereotactic body radiotherapy for de novo spine metastasis. Radiother Oncol. 150:142-149, 2020 09.
164. [30684664] Wardak Z, Bland R, Ahn C, et al. A Phase 2 Clinical Trial of SABR Followed by Immediate Vertebroplasty for Spine Metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 104(1):83-89, 2019 05 01.
165. [27479724] Redmond KJ, Lo SS, Fisher C, Sahgal A. Postoperative Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) for Spine Metastases: A Critical Review to Guide Practice. [Review]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 95(5):1414-1428, 2016 08 01.
166. [15653650] Lewington VJ.. Bone-seeking radionuclides for therapy. [Review] [75 refs]. J Nucl Med. 46 Suppl 1:38S-47S, 2005 Jan.
167. [15925817] Finlay IG, Mason MD, Shelley M. Radioisotopes for the palliation of metastatic bone cancer: a systematic review. [Review] [74 refs]. Lancet Oncol. 6(6):392-400, 2005 Jun.
168. [-3096796] Bigos SJ, Bowyer OR, Braen GR, et al. Acute Low Back Problems in Adults. Clinical Practice Guideline No. 14. AHCPR Publication No. 95-0642. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. December 1994. Available at: http://d4c2.com/d4c2-000038.htm.

The ACR Committee on Appropriateness Criteria and its expert panels have developed criteria for determining appropriate imaging examinations for diagnosis and treatment of specified medical condition(s). These criteria are intended to guide radiologists, radiation oncologists and referring physicians in making decisions regarding radiologic imaging and treatment. Generally, the complexity and severity of a patient’s clinical condition should dictate the selection of appropriate imaging procedures or treatments. Only those examinations generally used for evaluation of the patient’s condition are ranked. Other imaging studies necessary to evaluate other co-existent diseases or other medical consequences of this condition are not considered in this document. The availability of equipment or personnel may influence the selection of appropriate imaging procedures or treatments. Imaging techniques classified as investigational by the FDA have not been considered in developing these criteria; however, study of new equipment and applications should be encouraged. The ultimate decision regarding the appropriateness of any specific radiologic examination or treatment must be made by the referring physician and radiologist in light of all the circumstances presented in an individual examination

Management of Vertebral Compression Fractures