Hernia

Variant: 1   Suspected abdominal wall hernia such as umbilical, ventral, incisional, lumbar, or spigelian. Initial imaging.
Procedure Appropriateness Category
US abdomen Usually Appropriate
CT abdomen and pelvis with IV contrast Usually Appropriate
CT abdomen and pelvis without IV contrast Usually Appropriate
MRI abdomen without and with IV contrast May Be Appropriate
MRI abdomen without IV contrast May Be Appropriate
US pelvis Usually Not Appropriate
Fluoroscopy upper GI series Usually Not Appropriate
Fluoroscopy upper GI series with small bowel follow-through Usually Not Appropriate
Radiography abdomen and pelvis Usually Not Appropriate
MRI pelvis without and with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate
MRI pelvis without IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate
CT abdomen and pelvis without and with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate
Variant: 2   Suspected groin hernia such as inguinal or femoral. Initial imaging.
Procedure Appropriateness Category
US pelvis Usually Appropriate
MRI pelvis without and with IV contrast Usually Appropriate
CT abdomen and pelvis with IV contrast Usually Appropriate
CT abdomen and pelvis without IV contrast Usually Appropriate
CT pelvis with IV contrast Usually Appropriate
CT pelvis without IV contrast Usually Appropriate
MRI pelvis without IV contrast May Be Appropriate
Fluoroscopy small bowel follow-through Usually Not Appropriate
Radiography abdomen and pelvis Usually Not Appropriate
CT abdomen and pelvis without and with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate
CT pelvis without and with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate
Variant: 3   Suspected deep pelvic hernia including obturator, sciatic, or perineal. Initial imaging.
Procedure Appropriateness Category
MRI pelvis without and with IV contrast Usually Appropriate
CT abdomen and pelvis with IV contrast Usually Appropriate
CT abdomen and pelvis without IV contrast Usually Appropriate
CT pelvis with IV contrast Usually Appropriate
CT pelvis without IV contrast Usually Appropriate
MRI pelvis without IV contrast May Be Appropriate
US pelvis Usually Not Appropriate
Fluoroscopy small bowel follow-through Usually Not Appropriate
Radiography abdomen and pelvis Usually Not Appropriate
CT abdomen and pelvis without and with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate
CT pelvis without and with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate
Variant: 4   Suspected diaphragmatic hernia including traumatic, Bochdalek, or Morgagni. Initial imaging.
Procedure Appropriateness Category
CT chest and abdomen with IV contrast Usually Appropriate
CT chest and abdomen without IV contrast Usually Appropriate
Radiography chest May Be Appropriate
Fluoroscopy upper GI series May Be Appropriate
MRI chest and abdomen without and with IV contrast May Be Appropriate
MRI chest and abdomen without IV contrast May Be Appropriate
US abdomen Usually Not Appropriate
Fluoroscopy upper GI series with small bowel follow-through Usually Not Appropriate
Radiography abdomen and pelvis Usually Not Appropriate
CT chest and abdomen without and with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate

The evidence table, literature search, and appendix for this topic are available at https://acsearch.acr.org/list. The appendix includes the strength of evidence assessment and the final rating round tabulations for each recommendation.

For additional information on the Appropriateness Criteria methodology and other supporting documents, please go to the ACR website at https://www.acr.org/Clinical-Resources/Clinical-Tools-and-Reference/Appropriateness-Criteria.

Appropriateness Category Name

Appropriateness Rating

Appropriateness Category Definition

Usually Appropriate

7, 8, or 9

The imaging procedure or treatment is indicated in the specified clinical scenarios at a favorable risk-benefit ratio for patients.

May Be Appropriate

4, 5, or 6

The imaging procedure or treatment may be indicated in the specified clinical scenarios as an alternative to imaging procedures or treatments with a more favorable risk-benefit ratio, or the risk-benefit ratio for patients is equivocal.

May Be Appropriate (Disagreement)

5

The individual ratings are too dispersed from the panel median. The different label provides transparency regarding the panel’s recommendation. “May be appropriate” is the rating category and a rating of 5 is assigned.

Usually Not Appropriate

1, 2, or 3

The imaging procedure or treatment is unlikely to be indicated in the specified clinical scenarios, or the risk-benefit ratio for patients is likely to be unfavorable.









































































The ACR Committee on Appropriateness Criteria and its expert panels have developed criteria for determining appropriate imaging examinations for diagnosis and treatment of specified medical condition(s). These criteria are intended to guide radiologists, radiation oncologists and referring physicians in making decisions regarding radiologic imaging and treatment. Generally, the complexity and severity of a patient’s clinical condition should dictate the selection of appropriate imaging procedures or treatments. Only those examinations generally used for evaluation of the patient’s condition are ranked.  Other imaging studies necessary to evaluate other co-existent diseases or other medical consequences of this condition are not considered in this document.  The availability of equipment or personnel may influence the selection of appropriate imaging procedures or treatments. Imaging techniques classified as investigational by the FDA have not been considered in developing these criteria; however, study of new equipment and applications should be encouraged.  The ultimate decision regarding the appropriateness of any specific radiologic examination or treatment must be made by the referring physician and radiologist in light of all the circumstances presented in an individual examination