Renal Failure

Variant: 1 Renal failure. Acute kidney injury (AKI), unspecified. Initial imaging.

Procedure	Appropriateness Category	Relative Radiation Level
US kidneys retroperitoneal	Usually Appropriate	O
US duplex Doppler kidneys retroperitoneal	May Be Appropriate	O
MRA abdomen without IV contrast	May Be Appropriate	O
MRI abdomen and pelvis without IV contrast	May Be Appropriate	O
MRI abdomen without IV contrast	May Be Appropriate	O
CT abdomen and pelvis without IV contrast	May Be Appropriate	☢☢☢
MAG3 renal scan	May Be Appropriate	☢☢☢
Arteriography kidney	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
Radiography abdomen and pelvis	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
MRA abdomen without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI abdomen and pelvis without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI abdomen without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRU without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRU without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
CT abdomen and pelvis with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CT abdomen with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CT abdomen without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
DMSA renal scan	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CT abdomen and pelvis without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢
CT abdomen without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢
CTA abdomen and pelvis with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢
CTU without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢

Variant: 2 Renal failure. Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Initial imaging.

Procedure	Appropriateness Category	Relative Radiation Level
US kidneys retroperitoneal	Usually Appropriate	O
US duplex Doppler kidneys retroperitoneal	May Be Appropriate	O
MRA abdomen without IV contrast	May Be Appropriate	O
MRI abdomen without IV contrast	May Be Appropriate	O
CT abdomen and pelvis without IV contrast	May Be Appropriate	☢☢☢
Arteriography kidney	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
Radiography abdomen and pelvis	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
MRA abdomen without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI abdomen and pelvis without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI abdomen and pelvis without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI abdomen without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRU without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRU without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
CT abdomen and pelvis with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CT abdomen with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CT abdomen without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
DMSA renal scan	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
MAG3 renal scan	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CT abdomen and pelvis without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢
CT abdomen without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢
CTA abdomen and pelvis with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢
CTU without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢

Variant: 3 Renal failure. Kidney disease of unknown duration. Initial imaging.

Procedure	Appropriateness Category	Relative Radiation Level
US kidneys retroperitoneal	Usually Appropriate	O
US duplex Doppler kidneys retroperitoneal	May Be Appropriate (Disagreement)	O
MRA abdomen without IV contrast	May Be Appropriate	O
MRI abdomen and pelvis without IV contrast	May Be Appropriate	O
MRI abdomen without IV contrast	May Be Appropriate	O
CT abdomen and pelvis without IV contrast	May Be Appropriate	☢☢☢
Arteriography kidney	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
Radiography abdomen and pelvis	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
MRA abdomen without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI abdomen and pelvis without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI abdomen without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRU without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRU without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
CT abdomen and pelvis with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CT abdomen with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CT abdomen without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
DMSA renal scan	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
MAG3 renal scan	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CT abdomen and pelvis without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢
CT abdomen without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢
CTA abdomen and pelvis with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢
CTU without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢

Variant: 4 Renal failure. Neurogenic bladder. Initial imaging.

Procedure	Appropriateness Category	Relative Radiation Level
US kidneys retroperitoneal	Usually Appropriate	O
MRI abdomen and pelvis without IV contrast	May Be Appropriate	O
CT abdomen and pelvis without IV contrast	May Be Appropriate	☢☢☢
DMSA renal scan	May Be Appropriate	☢☢☢
US duplex Doppler kidneys retroperitoneal	Usually Not Appropriate	O
Fluoroscopy voiding cystourethrography	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢
Fluoroscopy cystography	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
Radiography abdomen and pelvis	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
MRI abdomen and pelvis without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI abdomen without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI abdomen without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRU without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRU without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
CT abdomen and pelvis with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CT abdomen with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CT abdomen without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
MAG3 renal scan	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CT abdomen and pelvis without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢
CT abdomen without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢
CTA abdomen and pelvis with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢
CTU without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢

Panel Members

Jade J. Wong-You-Cheong, MD^a; Paul Nikolaidis, MD^b; Gaurav Khatri, MD^c; Vikram S. Dogra, MD^d; Dhakshinamoorthy Ganeshan, MBBS^e; Stanley Goldfarb, MD^f; John L. Gore, MD, MS^g; Rajan T. Gupta, MD^h; Marta E. Heilbrun, MD, MSⁱ; Andrej Lyshchik, MD, PhD^j; Darlene F. Metter, MD^k; Andrei S. Purysko, MD^l; Stephen J. Savage, MD^m; Andrew D. Smith, MD, PhDⁿ; Zhen J. Wang, MD^o; Darcy J. Wolfman, MD^p; Mark E. Lockhart, MD, MPH^q.

Summary of Literature Review

Introduction/Background

Special Imaging Considerations

Initial Imaging Definition

Initial imaging is defined as imaging at the beginning of the care episode for the medical condition defined by the variant. More than one procedure can be considered usually appropriate in the initial imaging evaluation when:

There are procedures that are equivalent alternatives (i.e., only one procedure will be ordered to provide the clinical information to effectively manage the patient’s care)

There are complementary procedures (i.e., more than one procedure is ordered as a set or simultaneously wherein each procedure provides unique clinical information to effectively manage the patient’s care).

Discussion of Procedures by Variant

Variant 1: Renal failure. Acute kidney injury (AKI), unspecified. Initial imaging.

Variant 1: Renal failure. Acute kidney injury (AKI), unspecified. Initial imaging.
A. Arteriography kidney

Variant 1: Renal failure. Acute kidney injury (AKI), unspecified. Initial imaging.
B. CT abdomen and pelvis

Variant 1: Renal failure. Acute kidney injury (AKI), unspecified. Initial imaging.
C. CT abdomen

Variant 1: Renal failure. Acute kidney injury (AKI), unspecified. Initial imaging.
D. CTA abdomen and pelvis

Variant 1: Renal failure. Acute kidney injury (AKI), unspecified. Initial imaging.
E. CTU

Variant 1: Renal failure. Acute kidney injury (AKI), unspecified. Initial imaging.
F. MRA abdomen

Variant 1: Renal failure. Acute kidney injury (AKI), unspecified. Initial imaging.
G. MRI abdomen and pelvis

Variant 1: Renal failure. Acute kidney injury (AKI), unspecified. Initial imaging.
H. MRI abdomen

Variant 1: Renal failure. Acute kidney injury (AKI), unspecified. Initial imaging.
I. MR urography

Variant 1: Renal failure. Acute kidney injury (AKI), unspecified. Initial imaging.
J. Radiography abdomen and pelvis

Variant 1: Renal failure. Acute kidney injury (AKI), unspecified. Initial imaging.
K. DMSA renal scan

Variant 1: Renal failure. Acute kidney injury (AKI), unspecified. Initial imaging.
L. MAG3 renal scan

Variant 1: Renal failure. Acute kidney injury (AKI), unspecified. Initial imaging.
M. US kidneys retroperitoneum

Variant 1: Renal failure. Acute kidney injury (AKI), unspecified. Initial imaging.
N. US duplex doppler kidneys retroperitoneal

Variant 2: Renal failure. Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Initial imaging.

Variant 2: Renal failure. Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Initial imaging.
A. Arteriography kidney

Variant 2: Renal failure. Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Initial imaging.
B. CT abdomen and pelvis

Variant 2: Renal failure. Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Initial imaging.
C. CT abdomen

Variant 2: Renal failure. Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Initial imaging.
D. CTA abdomen and pelvis

Variant 2: Renal failure. Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Initial imaging.
E. CT urography

Variant 2: Renal failure. Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Initial imaging.
F. MRA abdomen

Variant 2: Renal failure. Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Initial imaging.
G. MRI abdomen and pelvis

Variant 2: Renal failure. Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Initial imaging.
H. MRI abdomen

Variant 2: Renal failure. Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Initial imaging.
I. MR urography

Variant 2: Renal failure. Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Initial imaging.
J. Radiography abdomen and pelvis

Variant 2: Renal failure. Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Initial imaging.
K. DMSA renal scan

Variant 2: Renal failure. Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Initial imaging.
L. MAG3 renal scan

Variant 2: Renal failure. Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Initial imaging.
M. US kidneys retroperitoneum

Variant 2: Renal failure. Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Initial imaging.
N. US duplex doppler kidneys retroperitoneal

Variant 3: Renal failure. Kidney disease of unknown duration. Initial imaging.

Variant 3: Renal failure. Kidney disease of unknown duration. Initial imaging.
A. Arteriography kidney

Variant 3: Renal failure. Kidney disease of unknown duration. Initial imaging.
B. CT abdomen and pelvis

Variant 3: Renal failure. Kidney disease of unknown duration. Initial imaging.
C. CT abdomen

Variant 3: Renal failure. Kidney disease of unknown duration. Initial imaging.
D. CTA abdomen and pelvis

Variant 3: Renal failure. Kidney disease of unknown duration. Initial imaging.
E. CT urography

Variant 3: Renal failure. Kidney disease of unknown duration. Initial imaging.
F. MRA abdomen and pelvis

Variant 3: Renal failure. Kidney disease of unknown duration. Initial imaging.
G. MRI abdomen and pelvis

Variant 3: Renal failure. Kidney disease of unknown duration. Initial imaging.
H. MRI abdomen

Variant 3: Renal failure. Kidney disease of unknown duration. Initial imaging.
I. MR urography

Variant 3: Renal failure. Kidney disease of unknown duration. Initial imaging.
J. Radiography abdomen and pelvis

Variant 3: Renal failure. Kidney disease of unknown duration. Initial imaging.
K. DMSA renal scan

Variant 3: Renal failure. Kidney disease of unknown duration. Initial imaging.
L. MAG3 renal scan

Variant 3: Renal failure. Kidney disease of unknown duration. Initial imaging.
M. US kdneys retroperitoneum

Variant 3: Renal failure. Kidney disease of unknown duration. Initial imaging.
N. US duplex doppler kidneys retroperitoneal

Variant 4: Renal failure. Neurogenic bladder. Initial imaging.

Variant 4: Renal failure. Neurogenic bladder. Initial imaging.
A. CT abdomen and pelvis

Variant 4: Renal failure. Neurogenic bladder. Initial imaging.
B. CT abdomen

Variant 4: Renal failure. Neurogenic bladder. Initial imaging.
C. CTA abdomen and pelvis

Variant 4: Renal failure. Neurogenic bladder. Initial imaging.
D. CT urography

Variant 4: Renal failure. Neurogenic bladder. Initial imaging.
E. Fluoroscopy cystography

Variant 4: Renal failure. Neurogenic bladder. Initial imaging.
F. Fluoroscopy voiding cystourethrography

Variant 4: Renal failure. Neurogenic bladder. Initial imaging.
G. MRI abdomen and pelvis

Variant 4: Renal failure. Neurogenic bladder. Initial imaging.
H. MRI abdomen

Variant 4: Renal failure. Neurogenic bladder. Initial imaging.
I. MR urography

Variant 4: Renal failure. Neurogenic bladder. Initial imaging.
J. Radiography abdomen and pelvis

Variant 4: Renal failure. Neurogenic bladder. Initial imaging.
K. DMSA renal scan

Variant 4: Renal failure. Neurogenic bladder. Initial imaging.
L. MAG3 renal scan

Variant 4: Renal failure. Neurogenic bladder. Initial imaging.
M. US kidneys retroperitoneum

Variant 4: Renal failure. Neurogenic bladder. Initial imaging.
N. US duplex doppler kidneys retroperitoneal

Summary of Highlights

Supporting Documents

The evidence table, literature search, and appendix for this topic are available at https://acsearch.acr.org/list. The appendix includes the strength of evidence assessment and the final rating round tabulations for each recommendation.

For additional information on the Appropriateness Criteria methodology and other supporting documents, please go to the ACR website at https://www.acr.org/Clinical-Resources/Clinical-Tools-and-Reference/Appropriateness-Criteria.

Gender Equality and Inclusivity Clause

The ACR acknowledges the limitations in applying inclusive language when citing research studies that predates the use of the current understanding of language inclusive of diversity in sex, intersex, gender, and gender-diverse people. The data variables regarding sex and gender used in the cited literature will not be changed. However, this guideline will use the terminology and definitions as proposed by the National Institutes of Health.

Appropriateness Category Names and Definitions

Appropriateness Category Name	Appropriateness Rating	Appropriateness Category Definition
Usually Appropriate	7, 8, or 9	The imaging procedure or treatment is indicated in the specified clinical scenarios at a favorable risk-benefit ratio for patients.
May Be Appropriate	4, 5, or 6	The imaging procedure or treatment may be indicated in the specified clinical scenarios as an alternative to imaging procedures or treatments with a more favorable risk-benefit ratio, or the risk-benefit ratio for patients is equivocal.
May Be Appropriate (Disagreement)	5	The individual ratings are too dispersed from the panel median. The different label provides transparency regarding the panel’s recommendation. “May be appropriate” is the rating category and a rating of 5 is assigned.
Usually Not Appropriate	1, 2, or 3	The imaging procedure or treatment is unlikely to be indicated in the specified clinical scenarios, or the risk-benefit ratio for patients is likely to be unfavorable.

Relative Radiation Level Information

Potential adverse health effects associated with radiation exposure are an important factor to consider when selecting the appropriate imaging procedure. Because there is a wide range of radiation exposures associated with different diagnostic procedures, a relative radiation level (RRL) indication has been included for each imaging examination. The RRLs are based on effective dose, which is a radiation dose quantity that is used to estimate population total radiation risk associated with an imaging procedure. Patients in the pediatric age group are at inherently higher risk from exposure, because of both organ sensitivity and longer life expectancy (relevant to the long latency that appears to accompany radiation exposure). For these reasons, the RRL dose estimate ranges for pediatric examinations are lower as compared with those specified for adults (see Table below). Additional information regarding radiation dose assessment for imaging examinations can be found in the ACR Appropriateness Criteria^® Radiation Dose Assessment Introduction document.

Relative Radiation Level Designations
Relative Radiation Level*	Adult Effective Dose Estimate Range	Pediatric Effective Dose Estimate Range
O	0 mSv	0 mSv
☢	<0.1 mSv	<0.03 mSv
☢☢	0.1-1 mSv	0.03-0.3 mSv
☢☢☢	1-10 mSv	0.3-3 mSv
☢☢☢☢	10-30 mSv	3-10 mSv
☢☢☢☢☢	30-100 mSv	10-30 mSv
*RRL assignments for some of the examinations cannot be made, because the actual patient doses in these procedures vary as a function of a number of factors (e.g., region of the body exposed to ionizing radiation, the imaging guidance that is used). The RRLs for these examinations are designated as “Varies.”

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Disclaimer

The ACR Committee on Appropriateness Criteria and its expert panels have developed criteria for determining appropriate imaging examinations for diagnosis and treatment of specified medical condition(s). These criteria are intended to guide radiologists, radiation oncologists and referring physicians in making decisions regarding radiologic imaging and treatment. Generally, the complexity and severity of a patient’s clinical condition should dictate the selection of appropriate imaging procedures or treatments. Only those examinations generally used for evaluation of the patient’s condition are ranked. Other imaging studies necessary to evaluate other co-existent diseases or other medical consequences of this condition are not considered in this document. The availability of equipment or personnel may influence the selection of appropriate imaging procedures or treatments. Imaging techniques classified as investigational by the FDA have not been considered in developing these criteria; however, study of new equipment and applications should be encouraged. The ultimate decision regarding the appropriateness of any specific radiologic examination or treatment must be made by the referring physician and radiologist in light of all the circumstances presented in an individual examination.