Sinonasal Disease

Variant: 1 Acute (less than 4 weeks) uncomplicated rhinosinusitis. Initial Imaging.

Procedure	Appropriateness Category	Relative Radiation Level
Radiography paranasal sinuses	Usually Not Appropriate	☢
Arteriography craniofacial	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
MRA head with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRA head without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRA head without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI head with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI head without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI head without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI orbits face neck with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI orbits face neck without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI orbits face neck without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
CT cone beam paranasal sinuses without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢
CT maxillofacial with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢
CT maxillofacial without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢
CT head with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CT head without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CT head without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CT maxillofacial without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CTA head with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
SPECT or SPECT/CT paranasal sinuses	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
FDG-PET/CT skull base to mid-thigh	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢

Variant: 2 Acute rhinosinusitis with suspected orbital or intracranial complication. Initial Imaging.

Procedure	Appropriateness Category	Relative Radiation Level
MRI head without and with IV contrast	Usually Appropriate	O
MRI orbits face neck without and with IV contrast	Usually Appropriate	O
CT maxillofacial with IV contrast	Usually Appropriate	☢☢
MRI head without IV contrast	May Be Appropriate	O
MRI orbits face neck without IV contrast	May Be Appropriate (Disagreement)	O
CT maxillofacial without IV contrast	May Be Appropriate (Disagreement)	☢☢
CT head with IV contrast	May Be Appropriate	☢☢☢
Radiography paranasal sinuses	Usually Not Appropriate	☢
Arteriography craniofacial	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
MRA head with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRA head without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRA head without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI head with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI orbits face neck with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
CT cone beam paranasal sinuses without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢
CT head without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CT head without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CT maxillofacial without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CTA head with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
SPECT or SPECT/CT paranasal sinuses	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
FDG-PET/CT skull base to mid-thigh	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢

Variant: 3 Acute recurrent sinusitis or chronic rhinosinusitis or noninvasive fungal sinusitis or sinonasal polyposis. Possible surgical candidate for these indications or other non-neoplastic indications, including suspected silent sinus syndrome or suspected mucocele, or deviated nasal septum. Initial Imaging.

Procedure	Appropriateness Category	Relative Radiation Level
CT maxillofacial without IV contrast	Usually Appropriate	☢☢
MRI orbits face neck without and with IV contrast	May Be Appropriate (Disagreement)	O
MRI orbits face neck without IV contrast	May Be Appropriate	O
CT cone beam paranasal sinuses without IV contrast	May Be Appropriate	☢☢
CT maxillofacial with IV contrast	May Be Appropriate	☢☢
Radiography paranasal sinuses	Usually Not Appropriate	☢
Arteriography craniofacial	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
MRA head with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRA head without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRA head without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI head with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI head without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI head without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI orbits face neck with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
CT head with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CT head without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CT head without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CT maxillofacial without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CTA head with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
SPECT or SPECT/CT paranasal sinuses	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
FDG-PET/CT skull base to mid-thigh	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢

Variant: 4 Acute sinusitis with rapid progression or suspected invasive fungal sinusitis. Initial Imaging.

Procedure	Appropriateness Category	Relative Radiation Level
MRI orbits face neck without and with IV contrast	Usually Appropriate	O
CT maxillofacial with IV contrast	Usually Appropriate	☢☢
CT maxillofacial without IV contrast	Usually Appropriate	☢☢
MRI head without and with IV contrast	May Be Appropriate	O
MRI head without IV contrast	May Be Appropriate	O
MRI orbits face neck without IV contrast	May Be Appropriate	O
CT head with IV contrast	May Be Appropriate	☢☢☢
Radiography paranasal sinuses	Usually Not Appropriate	☢
Arteriography craniofacial	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
MRA head with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRA head without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRA head without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI head with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI orbits face neck with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
CT cone beam paranasal sinuses without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢
CT head without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CT head without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CT maxillofacial without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CTA head with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
SPECT or SPECT/CT paranasal sinuses	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
FDG-PET/CT skull base to mid-thigh	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢

Variant: 5 Suspected sinonasal mass. Initial Imaging.

Procedure	Appropriateness Category	Relative Radiation Level
MRI orbits face neck without and with IV contrast	Usually Appropriate	O
CT maxillofacial with IV contrast	Usually Appropriate	☢☢
CT maxillofacial without IV contrast	Usually Appropriate	☢☢
MRI head without and with IV contrast	May Be Appropriate	O
MRI head without IV contrast	May Be Appropriate	O
MRI orbits face neck without IV contrast	May Be Appropriate	O
CT head with IV contrast	May Be Appropriate	☢☢☢
Radiography paranasal sinuses	Usually Not Appropriate	☢
Arteriography craniofacial	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
MRA head with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRA head without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRA head without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI head with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI orbits face neck with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
CT cone beam paranasal sinuses without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢
CT head without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CT head without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CT maxillofacial without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CTA head with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
SPECT or SPECT/CT paranasal sinuses	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
FDG-PET/CT skull base to mid-thigh	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢

Variant: 6 Suspected CSF leak. Initial Imaging.

Procedure	Appropriateness Category	Relative Radiation Level
CT maxillofacial without IV contrast	Usually Appropriate	☢☢
MRI head without and with IV contrast	May Be Appropriate (Disagreement)	O
MRI head without IV contrast	May Be Appropriate	O
MRI orbits face neck without and with IV contrast	May Be Appropriate (Disagreement)	O
MRI orbits face neck without IV contrast	May Be Appropriate	O
CT head cisternography	May Be Appropriate	☢☢☢
DTPA cisternography	May Be Appropriate	☢☢☢
SPECT or SPECT/CT paranasal sinuses	May Be Appropriate	☢☢☢
Radiography paranasal sinuses	Usually Not Appropriate	☢
Arteriography craniofacial	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
MRA head with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRA head without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRA head without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI head with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI orbits face neck with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
CT cone beam paranasal sinuses without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢
CT maxillofacial with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢
CT head with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CT head without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CT head without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CT maxillofacial without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
CTA head with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢
FDG-PET/CT skull base to mid-thigh	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢

Panel Members

Mari Hagiwara, MD^a; Bruno Policeni, MD, MBA^b; Amy F. Juliano, MD^c; Mohit Agarwal, MD^d; Judah Burns, MD^e; Prachi Dubey, MBBS, MPH^f; Elliott R. Friedman, MD^g; Maria K. Gule-Monroe, MD^h; Vikas Jain, MDⁱ; Kent Lam, MD^j; Maria Patino, MD^k; Tanya J. Rath, MD^l; Brian Shian, MD^m; Rathan M. Subramaniam, MD, PhD, MBA, MPHⁿ; M. Reza Taheri, MD, PhD^o; David Zander, MD^p; Amanda S. Corey, MD^q.

Summary of Literature Review

Introduction/Background

Initial Imaging Definition

Initial imaging is defined as imaging at the beginning of the care episode for the medical condition defined by the variant. More than one procedure can be considered usually appropriate in the initial imaging evaluation when:

There are procedures that are equivalent alternatives (i.e., only one procedure will be ordered to provide the clinical information to effectively manage the patient’s care)

There are complementary procedures (i.e., more than one procedure is ordered as a set or simultaneously wherein each procedure provides unique clinical information to effectively manage the patient’s care).

Discussion of Procedures by Variant

Variant 1: Acute (less than 4 weeks) uncomplicated rhinosinusitis. Initial Imaging.

Variant 1: Acute (less than 4 weeks) uncomplicated rhinosinusitis. Initial Imaging.
A. Arteriography craniofacial

Variant 1: Acute (less than 4 weeks) uncomplicated rhinosinusitis. Initial Imaging.
B. CT cone beam paranasal sinuses

Variant 1: Acute (less than 4 weeks) uncomplicated rhinosinusitis. Initial Imaging.
C. CT head

Variant 1: Acute (less than 4 weeks) uncomplicated rhinosinusitis. Initial Imaging.
D. CT maxillofacial

Variant 1: Acute (less than 4 weeks) uncomplicated rhinosinusitis. Initial Imaging.
E. CTA head

Variant 1: Acute (less than 4 weeks) uncomplicated rhinosinusitis. Initial Imaging.
F. FDG-PET/CT skull base to mid-thigh

Variant 1: Acute (less than 4 weeks) uncomplicated rhinosinusitis. Initial Imaging.
G. MRA head

Variant 1: Acute (less than 4 weeks) uncomplicated rhinosinusitis. Initial Imaging.
H. MRI head

Variant 1: Acute (less than 4 weeks) uncomplicated rhinosinusitis. Initial Imaging.
I. MRI orbits face neck

Variant 1: Acute (less than 4 weeks) uncomplicated rhinosinusitis. Initial Imaging.
J. Radiography paranasal sinuses

Variant 1: Acute (less than 4 weeks) uncomplicated rhinosinusitis. Initial Imaging.
K. SPECT or SPECT/CT paranasal sinuses

Variant 2: Acute rhinosinusitis with suspected orbital or intracranial complication. Initial Imaging.

Variant 2: Acute rhinosinusitis with suspected orbital or intracranial complication. Initial Imaging.
A. Arteriography craniofacial

Variant 2: Acute rhinosinusitis with suspected orbital or intracranial complication. Initial Imaging.
B. CT cone beam paranasal sinuses

Variant 2: Acute rhinosinusitis with suspected orbital or intracranial complication. Initial Imaging.
C. CT head

Variant 2: Acute rhinosinusitis with suspected orbital or intracranial complication. Initial Imaging.
D. CT maxillofacial

Variant 2: Acute rhinosinusitis with suspected orbital or intracranial complication. Initial Imaging.
E. CTA head

Variant 2: Acute rhinosinusitis with suspected orbital or intracranial complication. Initial Imaging.
F. FDG-PET/CT skull base to mid-thigh

Variant 2: Acute rhinosinusitis with suspected orbital or intracranial complication. Initial Imaging.
G. MRA head

Variant 2: Acute rhinosinusitis with suspected orbital or intracranial complication. Initial Imaging.
H. MRI head

Variant 2: Acute rhinosinusitis with suspected orbital or intracranial complication. Initial Imaging.
I. MRI orbits face neck

Variant 2: Acute rhinosinusitis with suspected orbital or intracranial complication. Initial Imaging.
J. Radiography paranasal sinuses

Variant 2: Acute rhinosinusitis with suspected orbital or intracranial complication. Initial Imaging.
K. SPECT or SPECT/CT paranasal sinuses

Variant 3: Acute recurrent sinusitis or chronic rhinosinusitis or noninvasive fungal sinusitis or sinonasal polyposis. Possible surgical candidate for these indications or other non-neoplastic indications, including suspected silent sinus syndrome or suspected mucocele, or deviated nasal septum. Initial Imaging.

Variant 4: Acute sinusitis with rapid progression or suspected invasive fungal sinusitis. Initial Imaging.

Variant 4: Acute sinusitis with rapid progression or suspected invasive fungal sinusitis. Initial Imaging.
A. Arteriography craniofacial

Variant 4: Acute sinusitis with rapid progression or suspected invasive fungal sinusitis. Initial Imaging.
B. CT cone beam paranasal sinuses

Variant 4: Acute sinusitis with rapid progression or suspected invasive fungal sinusitis. Initial Imaging.
C. CT head

Variant 4: Acute sinusitis with rapid progression or suspected invasive fungal sinusitis. Initial Imaging.
D. CT maxillofacial

Variant 4: Acute sinusitis with rapid progression or suspected invasive fungal sinusitis. Initial Imaging.
E. CTA head

Variant 4: Acute sinusitis with rapid progression or suspected invasive fungal sinusitis. Initial Imaging.
F. FDG-PET/CT skull base to mid-thigh

Variant 4: Acute sinusitis with rapid progression or suspected invasive fungal sinusitis. Initial Imaging.
G. MRA head

Variant 4: Acute sinusitis with rapid progression or suspected invasive fungal sinusitis. Initial Imaging.
H. MRI head

Variant 4: Acute sinusitis with rapid progression or suspected invasive fungal sinusitis. Initial Imaging.
I. MRI orbits face neck

Variant 4: Acute sinusitis with rapid progression or suspected invasive fungal sinusitis. Initial Imaging.
J. Radiography paranasal sinuses

Variant 4: Acute sinusitis with rapid progression or suspected invasive fungal sinusitis. Initial Imaging.
K. SPECT or SPECT/CT paranasal sinuses

Variant 5: Suspected sinonasal mass. Initial Imaging.

Variant 5: Suspected sinonasal mass. Initial Imaging.
A. Arteriography craniofacial

Variant 5: Suspected sinonasal mass. Initial Imaging.
B. CT cone beam paranasal sinuses

Variant 5: Suspected sinonasal mass. Initial Imaging.
C. CT head

Variant 5: Suspected sinonasal mass. Initial Imaging.
D. CT maxillofacial

Variant 5: Suspected sinonasal mass. Initial Imaging.
E. CTA head

Variant 5: Suspected sinonasal mass. Initial Imaging.
F. FDG-PET/CT skull base to mid-thigh

Variant 5: Suspected sinonasal mass. Initial Imaging.
G. MRA head

Variant 5: Suspected sinonasal mass. Initial Imaging.
H. MRI head

Variant 5: Suspected sinonasal mass. Initial Imaging.
I. MRI orbits face neck

Variant 5: Suspected sinonasal mass. Initial Imaging.
J. Radiography paranasal sinuses

Variant 5: Suspected sinonasal mass. Initial Imaging.
K. SPECT or SPECT/CT paranasal sinuses

Variant 6: Suspected CSF leak. Initial Imaging.

Variant 6: Suspected CSF leak. Initial Imaging.
A. Arteriography craniofacial

Variant 6: Suspected CSF leak. Initial Imaging.
B. CT cone beam paranasal sinuses

Variant 6: Suspected CSF leak. Initial Imaging.
C. CT head cisternography

Variant 6: Suspected CSF leak. Initial Imaging.
D. CT head

Variant 6: Suspected CSF leak. Initial Imaging.
E. CT maxillofacial

Variant 6: Suspected CSF leak. Initial Imaging.
F. CTA head

Variant 6: Suspected CSF leak. Initial Imaging.
G. DTPA cisternography

Variant 6: Suspected CSF leak. Initial Imaging.
H. FDG-PET/CT skull base to mid-thigh

Variant 6: Suspected CSF leak. Initial Imaging.
I. MRA head

Variant 6: Suspected CSF leak. Initial Imaging.
J. MRI head

Variant 6: Suspected CSF leak. Initial Imaging.
K. MRI orbits face neck

Variant 6: Suspected CSF leak. Initial Imaging.
L. Radiography paranasal sinuses

Variant 6: Suspected CSF leak. Initial Imaging.
M. SPECT or SPECT/CT paranasal sinuses

Summary of Highlights

Supporting Documents

The evidence table, literature search, and appendix for this topic are available at https://acsearch.acr.org/list. The appendix includes the strength of evidence assessment and the final rating round tabulations for each recommendation.

For additional information on the Appropriateness Criteria methodology and other supporting documents, please go to the ACR website at https://www.acr.org/Clinical-Resources/Clinical-Tools-and-Reference/Appropriateness-Criteria.

Appropriateness Category Names and Definitions

Appropriateness Category Name	Appropriateness Rating	Appropriateness Category Definition
Usually Appropriate	7, 8, or 9	The imaging procedure or treatment is indicated in the specified clinical scenarios at a favorable risk-benefit ratio for patients.
May Be Appropriate	4, 5, or 6	The imaging procedure or treatment may be indicated in the specified clinical scenarios as an alternative to imaging procedures or treatments with a more favorable risk-benefit ratio, or the risk-benefit ratio for patients is equivocal.
May Be Appropriate (Disagreement)	5	The individual ratings are too dispersed from the panel median. The different label provides transparency regarding the panel’s recommendation. “May be appropriate” is the rating category and a rating of 5 is assigned.
Usually Not Appropriate	1, 2, or 3	The imaging procedure or treatment is unlikely to be indicated in the specified clinical scenarios, or the risk-benefit ratio for patients is likely to be unfavorable.

Relative Radiation Level Information

Potential adverse health effects associated with radiation exposure are an important factor to consider when selecting the appropriate imaging procedure. Because there is a wide range of radiation exposures associated with different diagnostic procedures, a relative radiation level (RRL) indication has been included for each imaging examination. The RRLs are based on effective dose, which is a radiation dose quantity that is used to estimate population total radiation risk associated with an imaging procedure. Patients in the pediatric age group are at inherently higher risk from exposure, because of both organ sensitivity and longer life expectancy (relevant to the long latency that appears to accompany radiation exposure). For these reasons, the RRL dose estimate ranges for pediatric examinations are lower as compared with those specified for adults (see Table below). Additional information regarding radiation dose assessment for imaging examinations can be found in the ACR Appropriateness Criteria^® Radiation Dose Assessment Introduction document.

Relative Radiation Level Designations
Relative Radiation Level*	Adult Effective Dose Estimate Range	Pediatric Effective Dose Estimate Range
O	0 mSv	0 mSv
☢	<0.1 mSv	<0.03 mSv
☢☢	0.1-1 mSv	0.03-0.3 mSv
☢☢☢	1-10 mSv	0.3-3 mSv
☢☢☢☢	10-30 mSv	3-10 mSv
☢☢☢☢☢	30-100 mSv	10-30 mSv
*RRL assignments for some of the examinations cannot be made, because the actual patient doses in these procedures vary as a function of a number of factors (e.g., region of the body exposed to ionizing radiation, the imaging guidance that is used). The RRLs for these examinations are designated as “Varies.”

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Disclaimer

The ACR Committee on Appropriateness Criteria and its expert panels have developed criteria for determining appropriate imaging examinations for diagnosis and treatment of specified medical condition(s). These criteria are intended to guide radiologists, radiation oncologists and referring physicians in making decisions regarding radiologic imaging and treatment. Generally, the complexity and severity of a patient’s clinical condition should dictate the selection of appropriate imaging procedures or treatments. Only those examinations generally used for evaluation of the patient’s condition are ranked. Other imaging studies necessary to evaluate other co-existent diseases or other medical consequences of this condition are not considered in this document. The availability of equipment or personnel may influence the selection of appropriate imaging procedures or treatments. Imaging techniques classified as investigational by the FDA have not been considered in developing these criteria; however, study of new equipment and applications should be encouraged. The ultimate decision regarding the appropriateness of any specific radiologic examination or treatment must be made by the referring physician and radiologist in light of all the circumstances presented in an individual examination.