Pneumonia in the Immunocompetent Child

Variant: 1 Child. 3 months of age and older. Immunocompetent. Suspected uncomplicated community-acquired pneumonia in a well-appearing child who does not require hospitalization. Initial imaging.

Procedure	Appropriateness Category	Peds Relative Radiation Level
US chest	Usually Not Appropriate	O
Radiography chest	Usually Not Appropriate	☢
MRI chest without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI chest without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
CT chest with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢
CT chest without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢
CT chest without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢

Variant: 2 Child. 3 months of age and older. Immunocompetent. Community-acquired pneumonia that does not respond to initial outpatient treatment or requires hospital admission. Initial imaging.

Procedure	Appropriateness Category	Peds Relative Radiation Level
Radiography chest	Usually Appropriate	☢
US chest	May Be Appropriate	O
MRI chest without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI chest without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
CT chest with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢
CT chest without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢
CT chest without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢

Variant: 3 Child. 3 months of age and older. Immunocompetent. Suspected hospital-acquired pneumonia. Initial imaging.

Procedure	Appropriateness Category	Peds Relative Radiation Level
Radiography chest	Usually Appropriate	☢
US chest	May Be Appropriate	O
MRI chest without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI chest without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
CT chest with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢
CT chest without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢
CT chest without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢

Variant: 4 Child. Immunocompetent. Pneumonia complicated by suspected moderate or large parapneumonic effusion by chest radiograph. Next imaging study.

Procedure	Appropriateness Category	Peds Relative Radiation Level
US chest	Usually Appropriate	O
Radiography chest decubitus view	May Be Appropriate	☢
CT chest with IV contrast	May Be Appropriate	☢☢☢☢
MRI chest without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI chest without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
CT chest without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢
CT chest without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢

Variant: 5 Child. Immunocompetent. Pneumonia complicated by suspected bronchopleural fistula by chest radiograph. Next imaging study.

Procedure	Appropriateness Category	Peds Relative Radiation Level
CT chest with IV contrast	Usually Appropriate	☢☢☢☢
CT chest without IV contrast	May Be Appropriate (Disagreement)	☢☢☢☢
US chest	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI chest without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI chest without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
CT chest without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢

Variant: 6 Child. Immunocompetent. Pneumonia complicated by suspected lung abscess by chest radiograph. Next imaging study.

Procedure	Appropriateness Category	Peds Relative Radiation Level
CT chest with IV contrast	Usually Appropriate	☢☢☢☢
US chest	May Be Appropriate	O
MRI chest without and with IV contrast	May Be Appropriate	O
MRI chest without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
CT chest without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢
CT chest without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢

Variant: 7 Child. 3 months of age and older. Immunocompetent. Recurrent nonlocalized pneumonia by chest radiograph. Next imaging study.

Procedure	Appropriateness Category	Peds Relative Radiation Level
CT chest without IV contrast	Usually Appropriate	☢☢☢☢
US chest	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI chest without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI chest without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
CT chest with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢
CT chest without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢

Variant: 8 Child. 3 months of age and older. Immunocompetent. Recurrent localized pneumonia by chest radiograph. Next imaging study.

Procedure	Appropriateness Category	Peds Relative Radiation Level
CT chest with IV contrast	Usually Appropriate	☢☢☢☢
CTA chest with IV contrast	Usually Appropriate	☢☢☢☢
CT chest without IV contrast	May Be Appropriate (Disagreement)	☢☢☢☢
US chest	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI chest without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
MRI chest without IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	O
CT chest without and with IV contrast	Usually Not Appropriate	☢☢☢☢

Panel Members

Sherwin S. Chan, MD, PhD^a; Manish K. Kotecha, MD^b; Cynthia K. Rigsby, MD^c; Ramesh S. Iyer, MD, MBA^d; Adina L. Alazraki, MD^e; Sudha A. Anupindi, MD^f; Dianna M. E. Bardo, MD^g; Brandon P. Brown, MD, MA^h; Tushar Chandra, MD, MBBSⁱ; Scott R. Dorfman, MD^j; Matthew D. Garber, MD^k; Michael M. Moore, MD^l; Jie C. Nguyen, MD, MS^m; Narendra S. Shet, MDⁿ; Alan Siegel, MD, MS^o; Jonathan H. Valente, MD^p; Boaz Karmazyn, MD^q.

Summary of Literature Review

Introduction/Background

Special Imaging Considerations

Discussion of Procedures by Variant

Variant 1: Child. 3 months of age and older. Immunocompetent. Suspected uncomplicated community-acquired pneumonia in a well-appearing child who does not require hospitalization. Initial imaging.

Variant 1: Child. 3 months of age and older. Immunocompetent. Suspected uncomplicated community-acquired pneumonia in a well-appearing child who does not require hospitalization. Initial imaging.
A. Radiography Chest

Variant 2: Child. 3 months of age and older. Immunocompetent. Community-acquired pneumonia that does not respond to initial outpatient treatment or requires hospital admission. Initial imaging.

Variant 2: Child. 3 months of age and older. Immunocompetent. Community-acquired pneumonia that does not respond to initial outpatient treatment or requires hospital admission. Initial imaging.
A. Radiography Chest

Variant 3: Child. 3 months of age and older. Immunocompetent. Suspected hospital-acquired pneumonia. Initial imaging.

Variant 3: Child. 3 months of age and older. Immunocompetent. Suspected hospital-acquired pneumonia. Initial imaging.
A. Radiography Chest

Variant 3: Child. 3 months of age and older. Immunocompetent. Suspected hospital-acquired pneumonia. Initial imaging.
B. CT chest

Variant 3: Child. 3 months of age and older. Immunocompetent. Suspected hospital-acquired pneumonia. Initial imaging.
C. US Chest

Variant 3: Child. 3 months of age and older. Immunocompetent. Suspected hospital-acquired pneumonia. Initial imaging.
D. MRI chest

Variant 4: Child. Immunocompetent. Pneumonia complicated by suspected moderate or large parapneumonic effusion by chest radiograph. Next imaging study.

Variant 4: Child. Immunocompetent. Pneumonia complicated by suspected moderate or large parapneumonic effusion by chest radiograph. Next imaging study.
A. Radiography Chest Decubitus View

Variant 4: Child. Immunocompetent. Pneumonia complicated by suspected moderate or large parapneumonic effusion by chest radiograph. Next imaging study.
B. CT chest

Variant 4: Child. Immunocompetent. Pneumonia complicated by suspected moderate or large parapneumonic effusion by chest radiograph. Next imaging study.
C. US Chest

Variant 4: Child. Immunocompetent. Pneumonia complicated by suspected moderate or large parapneumonic effusion by chest radiograph. Next imaging study.
D. MRI chest

Variant 5: Child. Immunocompetent. Pneumonia complicated by suspected bronchopleural fistula by chest radiograph. Next imaging study.

Variant 5: Child. Immunocompetent. Pneumonia complicated by suspected bronchopleural fistula by chest radiograph. Next imaging study.
A. CT chest

Variant 5: Child. Immunocompetent. Pneumonia complicated by suspected bronchopleural fistula by chest radiograph. Next imaging study.
B. US Chest

Variant 5: Child. Immunocompetent. Pneumonia complicated by suspected bronchopleural fistula by chest radiograph. Next imaging study.
C. MRI Chest

Variant 6: Child. Immunocompetent. Pneumonia complicated by suspected lung abscess by chest radiograph. Next imaging study.

Variant 6: Child. Immunocompetent. Pneumonia complicated by suspected lung abscess by chest radiograph. Next imaging study.
A. CT chest

Variant 6: Child. Immunocompetent. Pneumonia complicated by suspected lung abscess by chest radiograph. Next imaging study.
B. US Chest

Variant 6: Child. Immunocompetent. Pneumonia complicated by suspected lung abscess by chest radiograph. Next imaging study.
C. MRI Chest

Variant 7: Child. 3 months of age and older. Immunocompetent. Recurrent nonlocalized pneumonia by chest radiograph. Next imaging study.

Variant 7: Child. 3 months of age and older. Immunocompetent. Recurrent nonlocalized pneumonia by chest radiograph. Next imaging study.
A. CT chest

Variant 7: Child. 3 months of age and older. Immunocompetent. Recurrent nonlocalized pneumonia by chest radiograph. Next imaging study.
B. US Chest

Variant 7: Child. 3 months of age and older. Immunocompetent. Recurrent nonlocalized pneumonia by chest radiograph. Next imaging study.
C. MRI Chest

Variant 8: Child. 3 months of age and older. Immunocompetent. Recurrent localized pneumonia by chest radiograph. Next imaging study.

Variant 8: Child. 3 months of age and older. Immunocompetent. Recurrent localized pneumonia by chest radiograph. Next imaging study.
A. CT chest

Variant 8: Child. 3 months of age and older. Immunocompetent. Recurrent localized pneumonia by chest radiograph. Next imaging study.
B. CTA chest

Variant 8: Child. 3 months of age and older. Immunocompetent. Recurrent localized pneumonia by chest radiograph. Next imaging study.
C. US Chest

Variant 8: Child. 3 months of age and older. Immunocompetent. Recurrent localized pneumonia by chest radiograph. Next imaging study.
D. MRI Chest

Summary of Highlights

Supporting Documents

The evidence table, literature search, and appendix for this topic are available at https://acsearch.acr.org/list. The appendix includes the strength of evidence assessment and the final rating round tabulations for each recommendation.

For additional information on the Appropriateness Criteria methodology and other supporting documents, please go to the ACR website at https://www.acr.org/Clinical-Resources/Clinical-Tools-and-Reference/Appropriateness-Criteria.

Appropriateness Category Names and Definitions

Appropriateness Category Name	Appropriateness Rating	Appropriateness Category Definition
Usually Appropriate	7, 8, or 9	The imaging procedure or treatment is indicated in the specified clinical scenarios at a favorable risk-benefit ratio for patients.
May Be Appropriate	4, 5, or 6	The imaging procedure or treatment may be indicated in the specified clinical scenarios as an alternative to imaging procedures or treatments with a more favorable risk-benefit ratio, or the risk-benefit ratio for patients is equivocal.
May Be Appropriate (Disagreement)	5	The individual ratings are too dispersed from the panel median. The different label provides transparency regarding the panel’s recommendation. “May be appropriate” is the rating category and a rating of 5 is assigned.
Usually Not Appropriate	1, 2, or 3	The imaging procedure or treatment is unlikely to be indicated in the specified clinical scenarios, or the risk-benefit ratio for patients is likely to be unfavorable.

Relative Radiation Level Information

Potential adverse health effects associated with radiation exposure are an important factor to consider when selecting the appropriate imaging procedure. Because there is a wide range of radiation exposures associated with different diagnostic procedures, a relative radiation level (RRL) indication has been included for each imaging examination. The RRLs are based on effective dose, which is a radiation dose quantity that is used to estimate population total radiation risk associated with an imaging procedure. Patients in the pediatric age group are at inherently higher risk from exposure, because of both organ sensitivity and longer life expectancy (relevant to the long latency that appears to accompany radiation exposure). For these reasons, the RRL dose estimate ranges for pediatric examinations are lower as compared with those specified for adults (see Table below). Additional information regarding radiation dose assessment for imaging examinations can be found in the ACR Appropriateness Criteria^® Radiation Dose Assessment Introduction document.

Relative Radiation Level Designations
Relative Radiation Level*	Adult Effective Dose Estimate Range	Pediatric Effective Dose Estimate Range
O	0 mSv	0 mSv
☢	<0.1 mSv	<0.03 mSv
☢☢	0.1-1 mSv	0.03-0.3 mSv
☢☢☢	1-10 mSv	0.3-3 mSv
☢☢☢☢	10-30 mSv	3-10 mSv
☢☢☢☢☢	30-100 mSv	10-30 mSv
*RRL assignments for some of the examinations cannot be made, because the actual patient doses in these procedures vary as a function of a number of factors (e.g., region of the body exposed to ionizing radiation, the imaging guidance that is used). The RRLs for these examinations are designated as “Varies.”

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Disclaimer

The ACR Committee on Appropriateness Criteria and its expert panels have developed criteria for determining appropriate imaging examinations for diagnosis and treatment of specified medical condition(s). These criteria are intended to guide radiologists, radiation oncologists and referring physicians in making decisions regarding radiologic imaging and treatment. Generally, the complexity and severity of a patient’s clinical condition should dictate the selection of appropriate imaging procedures or treatments. Only those examinations generally used for evaluation of the patient’s condition are ranked. Other imaging studies necessary to evaluate other co-existent diseases or other medical consequences of this condition are not considered in this document. The availability of equipment or personnel may influence the selection of appropriate imaging procedures or treatments. Imaging techniques classified as investigational by the FDA have not been considered in developing these criteria; however, study of new equipment and applications should be encouraged. The ultimate decision regarding the appropriateness of any specific radiologic examination or treatment must be made by the referring physician and radiologist in light of all the circumstances presented in an individual examination.