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Crohn Disease-Child

Variant: 1   Child. Suspected Crohn disease, no prior Crohn diagnosis. Initial imaging.
Procedure Appropriateness Category Peds Relative Radiation Level
MR enterography Usually Appropriate O
MRI abdomen and pelvis without and with IV contrast Usually Appropriate O
CT enterography Usually Appropriate ☢☢☢☢
US abdomen May Be Appropriate O
Fluoroscopy upper GI series with small bowel follow-through May Be Appropriate ☢☢☢☢
MRI abdomen and pelvis without IV contrast May Be Appropriate O
CT abdomen and pelvis with IV contrast May Be Appropriate ☢☢☢☢
US abdomen with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate O
Radiography abdomen Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢
Fluoroscopy contrast enema Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢☢☢
CT abdomen and pelvis without IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢☢☢
CT abdomen and pelvis without and with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢☢☢☢
FDG-PET/CT skull base to mid-thigh Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢☢☢
WBC scan whole body Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢☢☢

Variant: 2   Child. Known Crohn disease, suspected acute exacerbation. Initial Imaging.
Procedure Appropriateness Category Peds Relative Radiation Level
MR enterography Usually Appropriate O
MRI abdomen and pelvis without and with IV contrast Usually Appropriate O
CT abdomen and pelvis with IV contrast Usually Appropriate ☢☢☢☢
CT enterography Usually Appropriate ☢☢☢☢
US abdomen May Be Appropriate O
Radiography abdomen May Be Appropriate ☢☢
Fluoroscopy upper GI series with small bowel follow-through May Be Appropriate ☢☢☢☢
MRI abdomen and pelvis without IV contrast May Be Appropriate O
US abdomen with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate O
Fluoroscopy contrast enema Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢☢☢
CT abdomen and pelvis without IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢☢☢
CT abdomen and pelvis without and with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢☢☢☢
FDG-PET/CT skull base to mid-thigh Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢☢☢
WBC scan whole body Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢☢☢

Variant: 3   Child. Known Crohn disease, disease surveillance or monitoring therapy.
Procedure Appropriateness Category Peds Relative Radiation Level
MR enterography Usually Appropriate O
MRI abdomen and pelvis without and with IV contrast Usually Appropriate O
CT enterography Usually Appropriate ☢☢☢☢
US abdomen May Be Appropriate O
US abdomen with IV contrast May Be Appropriate O
Fluoroscopy upper GI series with small bowel follow-through May Be Appropriate ☢☢☢☢
MRI abdomen and pelvis without IV contrast May Be Appropriate O
CT abdomen and pelvis with IV contrast May Be Appropriate ☢☢☢☢
FDG-PET/CT skull base to mid-thigh May Be Appropriate ☢☢☢☢
Radiography abdomen Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢
Fluoroscopy contrast enema Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢☢☢
CT abdomen and pelvis without IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢☢☢
CT abdomen and pelvis without and with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢☢☢☢
WBC scan whole body Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢☢☢

Variant: 4   Child. Known Crohn disease, perianal fistula. Initial imaging.
Procedure Appropriateness Category Peds Relative Radiation Level
MRI pelvis with IV contrast Usually Appropriate O
MRI pelvis without and with IV contrast Usually Appropriate O
US pelvis transperineal May Be Appropriate O
MRI pelvis without IV contrast May Be Appropriate O
CT pelvis with IV contrast May Be Appropriate ☢☢☢☢
Fluoroscopy contrast enema Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢☢☢
CT pelvis without IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢☢☢
CT pelvis without and with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢☢☢

Panel Members
Michael M. Moore, MDa; Michael S. Gee, MD, PhDb; Ramesh S. Iyer, MD, MBAc; Sherwin S. Chan, MD, PhDd; Travis D. Ayers, MDe; Dianna M. E. Bardo, MDf; Tushar Chandra, MD, MBBSg; Matthew L. Cooper, MDh; Jennifer L. Dotson, MD, MPHi; Samir K. Gadepalli, MD, MBA, MSj; Anne E. Gill, MDk; Terry L. Levin, MDl; Helen R. Nadel, MDm; Gary R. Schooler, MDn; Narendra S. Shet, MDo; Judy H. Squires, MDp; Andrew T. Trout, MDq; Jessica J. Wall, MDr; Cynthia K. Rigsby, MDs.
Summary of Literature Review
Introduction/Background
Special Imaging Considerations
Initial Imaging Definition

Initial imaging is defined as imaging at the beginning of the care episode for the medical condition defined by the variant. More than one procedure can be considered usually appropriate in the initial imaging evaluation when:

  • There are procedures that are equivalent alternatives (i.e., only one procedure will be ordered to provide the clinical information to effectively manage the patient’s care)

OR

  • There are complementary procedures (i.e., more than one procedure is ordered as a set or simultaneously wherein each procedure provides unique clinical information to effectively manage the patient’s care).
Discussion of Procedures by Variant
Variant 1: Child. Suspected Crohn disease, no prior Crohn diagnosis. Initial imaging.
Variant 1: Child. Suspected Crohn disease, no prior Crohn diagnosis. Initial imaging.
A. CT Enterography
Variant 1: Child. Suspected Crohn disease, no prior Crohn diagnosis. Initial imaging.
B. CT Abdomen and Pelvis
Variant 1: Child. Suspected Crohn disease, no prior Crohn diagnosis. Initial imaging.
C. FDG-PET/CT Skull Base to Mid-Thigh
Variant 1: Child. Suspected Crohn disease, no prior Crohn diagnosis. Initial imaging.
D. Fluoroscopy Contrast Enema
Variant 1: Child. Suspected Crohn disease, no prior Crohn diagnosis. Initial imaging.
E. Fluoroscopy Upper GI Series with Small Bowel Follow-Through
Variant 1: Child. Suspected Crohn disease, no prior Crohn diagnosis. Initial imaging.
F. MR Enterography
Variant 1: Child. Suspected Crohn disease, no prior Crohn diagnosis. Initial imaging.
G. MRI Abdomen and Pelvis
Variant 1: Child. Suspected Crohn disease, no prior Crohn diagnosis. Initial imaging.
H. Radiography Abdomen
Variant 1: Child. Suspected Crohn disease, no prior Crohn diagnosis. Initial imaging.
I. US Abdomen
Variant 1: Child. Suspected Crohn disease, no prior Crohn diagnosis. Initial imaging.
J. US Abdomen With IV Contrast
Variant 1: Child. Suspected Crohn disease, no prior Crohn diagnosis. Initial imaging.
K. WBC Scan Whole Body
Variant 2: Child. Known Crohn disease, suspected acute exacerbation. Initial Imaging.
Variant 2: Child. Known Crohn disease, suspected acute exacerbation. Initial Imaging.
A. CT Enterography
Variant 2: Child. Known Crohn disease, suspected acute exacerbation. Initial Imaging.
B. CT Abdomen and Pelvis
Variant 2: Child. Known Crohn disease, suspected acute exacerbation. Initial Imaging.
C. FDG-PET/CT Skull Base to Mid-Thigh
Variant 2: Child. Known Crohn disease, suspected acute exacerbation. Initial Imaging.
D. Fluoroscopy Contrast Enema
Variant 2: Child. Known Crohn disease, suspected acute exacerbation. Initial Imaging.
E. Fluoroscopy Upper GI Series with Small Bowel Follow-Through
Variant 2: Child. Known Crohn disease, suspected acute exacerbation. Initial Imaging.
F. MR Enterography
Variant 2: Child. Known Crohn disease, suspected acute exacerbation. Initial Imaging.
G. MRI Abdomen and Pelvis
Variant 2: Child. Known Crohn disease, suspected acute exacerbation. Initial Imaging.
H. Radiography Abdomen
Variant 2: Child. Known Crohn disease, suspected acute exacerbation. Initial Imaging.
I. US Abdomen
Variant 2: Child. Known Crohn disease, suspected acute exacerbation. Initial Imaging.
J. US Abdomen With IV Contrast
Variant 2: Child. Known Crohn disease, suspected acute exacerbation. Initial Imaging.
K. WBC Scan Whole Body
Variant 3: Child. Known Crohn disease, disease surveillance or monitoring therapy.
Variant 3: Child. Known Crohn disease, disease surveillance or monitoring therapy.
A. CT Enterography
Variant 3: Child. Known Crohn disease, disease surveillance or monitoring therapy.
B. CT Abdomen and Pelvis
Variant 3: Child. Known Crohn disease, disease surveillance or monitoring therapy.
C. FDG-PET/CT Skull Base to Mid-Thigh
Variant 3: Child. Known Crohn disease, disease surveillance or monitoring therapy.
D. Fluoroscopy Contrast Enema
Variant 3: Child. Known Crohn disease, disease surveillance or monitoring therapy.
E. Fluoroscopy Upper GI Series with Small Bowel Follow-Through
Variant 3: Child. Known Crohn disease, disease surveillance or monitoring therapy.
F. MR Enterography
Variant 3: Child. Known Crohn disease, disease surveillance or monitoring therapy.
G. MRI Abdomen and Pelvis
Variant 3: Child. Known Crohn disease, disease surveillance or monitoring therapy.
H. Radiography Abdomen
Variant 3: Child. Known Crohn disease, disease surveillance or monitoring therapy.
I. US Abdomen
Variant 3: Child. Known Crohn disease, disease surveillance or monitoring therapy.
J. US Abdomen With IV Contrast
Variant 3: Child. Known Crohn disease, disease surveillance or monitoring therapy.
K. WBC Scan Whole Body
Variant 4: Child. Known Crohn disease, perianal fistula. Initial imaging.
Variant 4: Child. Known Crohn disease, perianal fistula. Initial imaging.
A. CT Pelvis
Variant 4: Child. Known Crohn disease, perianal fistula. Initial imaging.
B. Fluoroscopy Contrast Enema
Variant 4: Child. Known Crohn disease, perianal fistula. Initial imaging.
C. MRI Pelvis
Variant 4: Child. Known Crohn disease, perianal fistula. Initial imaging.
D. US Pelvis Transperineal
Summary of Highlights
Supporting Documents

The evidence table, literature search, and appendix for this topic are available at https://acsearch.acr.org/list. The appendix includes the strength of evidence assessment and the final rating round tabulations for each recommendation.

For additional information on the Appropriateness Criteria methodology and other supporting documents, please go to the ACR website at https://www.acr.org/Clinical-Resources/Clinical-Tools-and-Reference/Appropriateness-Criteria.

Appropriateness Category Names and Definitions

Appropriateness Category Name

Appropriateness Rating

Appropriateness Category Definition

Usually Appropriate

7, 8, or 9

The imaging procedure or treatment is indicated in the specified clinical scenarios at a favorable risk-benefit ratio for patients.

May Be Appropriate

4, 5, or 6

The imaging procedure or treatment may be indicated in the specified clinical scenarios as an alternative to imaging procedures or treatments with a more favorable risk-benefit ratio, or the risk-benefit ratio for patients is equivocal.

May Be Appropriate (Disagreement)

5

The individual ratings are too dispersed from the panel median. The different label provides transparency regarding the panel’s recommendation. “May be appropriate” is the rating category and a rating of 5 is assigned.

Usually Not Appropriate

1, 2, or 3

The imaging procedure or treatment is unlikely to be indicated in the specified clinical scenarios, or the risk-benefit ratio for patients is likely to be unfavorable.
Relative Radiation Level Information

Potential adverse health effects associated with radiation exposure are an important factor to consider when selecting the appropriate imaging procedure. Because there is a wide range of radiation exposures associated with different diagnostic procedures, a relative radiation level (RRL) indication has been included for each imaging examination. The RRLs are based on effective dose, which is a radiation dose quantity that is used to estimate population total radiation risk associated with an imaging procedure. Patients in the pediatric age group are at inherently higher risk from exposure, because of both organ sensitivity and longer life expectancy (relevant to the long latency that appears to accompany radiation exposure). For these reasons, the RRL dose estimate ranges for pediatric examinations are lower as compared with those specified for adults (see Table below). Additional information regarding radiation dose assessment for imaging examinations can be found in the ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Radiation Dose Assessment Introduction document.

Relative Radiation Level Designations

Relative Radiation Level*

Adult Effective Dose Estimate Range

Pediatric Effective Dose Estimate Range

O

0 mSv

 0 mSv

☢

<0.1 mSv

<0.03 mSv

☢☢

0.1-1 mSv

0.03-0.3 mSv

☢☢☢

1-10 mSv

0.3-3 mSv

☢☢☢☢

10-30 mSv

3-10 mSv

☢☢☢☢☢

30-100 mSv

10-30 mSv

*RRL assignments for some of the examinations cannot be made, because the actual patient doses in these procedures vary as a function of a number of factors (e.g., region of the body exposed to ionizing radiation, the imaging guidance that is used). The RRLs for these examinations are designated as “Varies.”
References
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Disclaimer

The ACR Committee on Appropriateness Criteria and its expert panels have developed criteria for determining appropriate imaging examinations for diagnosis and treatment of specified medical condition(s). These criteria are intended to guide radiologists, radiation oncologists and referring physicians in making decisions regarding radiologic imaging and treatment. Generally, the complexity and severity of a patient’s clinical condition should dictate the selection of appropriate imaging procedures or treatments. Only those examinations generally used for evaluation of the patient’s condition are ranked.  Other imaging studies necessary to evaluate other co-existent diseases or other medical consequences of this condition are not considered in this document. The availability of equipment or personnel may influence the selection of appropriate imaging procedures or treatments. Imaging techniques classified as investigational by the FDA have not been considered in developing these criteria; however, study of new equipment and applications should be encouraged. The ultimate decision regarding the appropriateness of any specific radiologic examination or treatment must be made by the referring physician and radiologist in light of all the circumstances presented in an individual examination.