PPTS Portal Home
Revised 2021 (Resolution 46)
Document Navigator
All
PREAMBLE
I. INTRODUCTION
II. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
III. QUALIFICATIONS AND RESPONSIBLITIES OF PERSONNEL
IV. SPECIFICATIONS OF THE EXAMINATION
V. DOCUMENTATION
VI. EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
VII. RADIATION SAFETY IN IMAGING
VIII. QUALITY CONTROL AND IMPROVEMENT, SAFETY, INFECTION CONTROL, AND PATIENT EDUCATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Document Navigator
ACR–SABI–SAR–SPR PRACTICE PARAMETER FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) OF THE ABDOMEN AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) OF THE PELVIS
PREAMBLE
I. INTRODUCTION
II. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
III. QUALIFICATIONS AND RESPONSIBLITIES OF PERSONNEL
IV. SPECIFICATIONS OF THE EXAMINATION
V. DOCUMENTATION
VI. EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
VII. RADIATION SAFETY IN IMAGING
VIII. QUALITY CONTROL AND IMPROVEMENT, SAFETY, INFECTION CONTROL, AND PATIENT EDUCATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
1.
Niemann T, Kollmann T, Bongartz G. Diagnostic performance of low-dose CT for the detection of urolithiasis: a meta-analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;191(2):396-401.
2.
Ciaschini MW, Remer EM, Baker ME, Lieber M, Herts BR. Urinary calculi: radiation dose reduction of 50% and 75% at CT--effect on sensitivity. Radiology. 2009;251(1):105-111.
3.
Glazer DD, Maturen KK, Cohan RR, et al. Assessment of 1 mSv urinary tract stone CT with model-based iterative reconstruction. AJR Am J Roentgenol 203:1230-5, .
4.
Krajewski S, Brown J, Phang PT, Raval M, Brown CJ. Impact of computed tomography of the abdomen on clinical outcomes in patients with acute right lower quadrant pain: a meta-analysis. Can J Surg. 2011;54(1):43-53.
5.
Bendeck SE, Nino-Murcia M, Berry GJ, Jeffrey RB. Imaging for suspected appendicitis: negative appendectomy and perforation rates. Radiology. 2002 Oct;225(1):131-6.
6.
Keyzer C, Cullus P, Tack D, De Maertelaer V, Bohy P, Gevenois PA. MDCT for suspected acute appendicitis in adults: impact of oral and IV contrast media at standard-dose and simulated low-dose techniques. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 193(5):1272-81, 2009 Nov.
7.
Atri MM, Hanson JJ, Grinblat LL, Brofman NN, Chughtai TT, Tomlinson GG. Surgically important bowel and/or mesenteric injury in blunt trauma: accuracy of multidetector CT for evaluation. Radiology 249:524-33, .
8.
Hamilton JD, Kumaravel M, Censullo ML, Cohen AM, Kievlan DS, West OC. Multidetector CT evaluation of active extravasation in blunt abdominal and pelvic trauma patients. [Review] [18 refs]. Radiographics. 28(6):1603-16, 2008 Oct.
9.
Murakami AM, Anderson SW, Soto JA, Kertesz JL, Ozonoff A, Rhea JT. Active extravasation of the abdomen and pelvis in trauma using 64MDCT. EMERG. RADIOL.. 16(5):375-82, 2009 Sep.
10.
Tillou A, Gupta M, Baraff LJ, et al. Is the use of pan-computed tomography for blunt trauma justified? A prospective evaluation. Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care. 67(4):779-87, 2009 Oct.
11.
Goodman CS, Hur JY, Adajar MA, Coulam CH. How well does CT predict the need for laparotomy in hemodynamically stable patients with penetrating abdominal injury? A review and meta-analysis. [Review] [14 refs]. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 193(2):432-7, 2009 Aug.
12.
Caoili EM, Cohan RH, Korobkin M, et al. Urinary tract abnormalities: initial experience with multi-detector row CT urography. Radiology. 2002 Feb;222(2):353-60.
13.
Dyer RR, DiSantis DD, McClennan BB. Simplified imaging approach for evaluation of the solid renal mass in adults. Radiology 247:331-43, .
14.
Silverman SG, Leyendecker JR, Amis ES, Jr. What is the current role of CT urography and MR urography in the evaluation of the urinary tract? Radiology. 2009;250(2):309-323.
15.
Sangwaiya MJ, Boland GW, Cronin CG, Blake MA, Halpern EF, Hahn PF. Incidental adrenal lesions: accuracy of characterization with contrast-enhanced washout multidetector CT--10-minute delayed imaging protocol revisited in a large patient cohort. Radiology. 256(2):504-10, 2010 Aug.Radiology. 256(2):504-10, 2010 Aug.
16.
Mileto AA, Nelson RR, Paulson EE, Marin DD. Dual-Energy MDCT for Imaging the Renal Mass. AJR Am J Roentgenol 204:W640-7, .
17.
Hong XX, Choi HH, Loyer EE, Benjamin RR, Trent JJ, Charnsangavej CC. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor: role of CT in diagnosis and in response evaluation and surveillance after treatment with imatinib. Radiographics 26:481-95, .
18.
Grabowska-Derlatka LL, Derlatka PP, Palczewski PP, Danska-Bidzinska AA, Pacho RR. Differentiation of ovarian cancers from borderline ovarian tumors on the basis of evaluation of tumor vascularity in multi-row detector computed tomography--comparison with histopathology. Int J Gynecol Cancer 23:1597-602, .
19.
Mazzei MM, Khader LL, Cirigliano AA, et al. Accuracy of MDCT in the preoperative definition of Peritoneal Cancer Index (PCI) in patients with advanced ovarian cancer who underwent peritonectomy and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). Abdom Imaging 38:1422-30, .
20.
Tsili AC, Tsangou V, Koliopoulos G, Stefos T, Argyropoulou MI. Early-stage cervical carcinoma: the role of multidetector CT in correlation with histopathological findings. J Obstet Gynaecol 2013;33:882-7.
21.
Kamel IR, Choti MA, Horton KM, et al. Surgically staged focal liver lesions: accuracy and reproducibility of dual-phase helical CT for detection and characterization. Radiology. 2003 Jun;227(3):752-7.
22.
Jang HJ, Kim TK, Khalili K, et al. Characterization of 1-to 2-cm liver nodules detected on hcc surveillance ultrasound according to the criteria of the American Association for the Study of Liver Disease: is quadriphasic CT necessary?. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 201(2):314-21, 2013 Aug.
23.
Raman SS, Fishman EE. Advances in CT Imaging of GI Malignancies. Gastrointest Cancer Res 5:S4-9, .
24.
Lee MM, Choi DD, Park MM, Lee MM, Gastric cancer: imaging and staging with MDCT based on the 7th AJCC guidelines. Abdom Imaging 37:531-40, .
25.
Min JJ, Lee MM, Rhim HH, et al. Local tumour progression after loco-regional therapy of hepatocellular carcinomas: value of fusion imaging-guided radiofrequency ablation. Clin Radiol 69:286-93, .
26.
Wah TM, Irving HC, Gregory W, Cartledge J, Joyce AD, Selby PJ. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of renal cell carcinoma (RCC): experience in 200 tumours. BJU Int. 113(3):416-28, 2014 Mar.
27.
Dollinger MM, Jung EE, Beyer LL, et al. Irreversible electroporation ablation of malignant hepatic tumors: subacute and follow-up CT appearance of ablation zones. J Vasc Interv Radiol 25:1589-94, .
28.
Mazioti AA, Gatselis NN, Rountas CC, et al. Safety and efficacy of transcatheter arterial chemoemboliazation in the real-life management of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepat Mon 13:e7070, .
29.
Kim JY, Kim SH, Lee HJ, Kim MJ, Kim YH, Cho SH. MDCT urography for detecting recurrence after transurethral resection of bladder cancer: comparison of nephrographic phase with pyelographic phase. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 203(5):1021-7, 2014 Nov.
30.
Kim KW, Choi BI, Han JK, et al. Postoperative anatomic and pathologic findings at CT following gastrectomy. Radiographics. 2002;22(2):323-36.
31.
Pannu HK, Bristow RE, Montz FJ, Fishman EK. Multidetector CT of peritoneal carcinomatosis from ovarian cancer. Radiographics. 2003;23(3):687-701.
32.
Aguirre DD, Santosa AA, Casola GG, Sirlin CC. Abdominal wall hernias: imaging features, complications, and diagnostic pitfalls at multi-detector row CT. Radiographics 25:1501-20, .
33.
Blachar A, Federle MP, Pealer KM, Ikramuddin S, Schauer PR. Gastrointestinal complications of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery: clinical and imaging findings. Radiology. 2002 Jun;223(3):625-32.
34.
Pickhardt PJ, Bhalla S, Balfe DM. Acquired gastrointestinal fistulas: classification, etiologies, and imaging evaluation. Radiology. 2002 Jul;224(1):9-23.
35.
Yu JJ, Turner MM, Cho SS, et al. Normal anatomy and complications after gastric bypass surgery: helical CT findings. Radiology 231:753-60, .
36.
Catalá VV, Solà MM, Samaniego JJ, et al. CT findings in urinary diversion after radical cystectomy: postsurgical anatomy and complications. Radiographics 29:461-76, .
37.
Bandula S, Punwani S, Rosenberg WM, et al. Equilibrium contrast-enhanced CT imaging to evaluate hepatic fibrosis: initial validation by comparison with histopathologic sampling. Radiology. 275(1):136-43, 2015 Apr.
38.
Zissen MH, Wang ZJ, Yee J, Aslam R, Monto A, Yeh BM. Contrast-enhanced CT quantification of the hepatic fractional extracellular space: correlation with diffuse liver disease severity. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 201(6):1204-10, 2013 Dec.
39.
Kim DY, Park SH, Lee SS, et al. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography for the diagnosis of fatty liver: prospective study with same-day biopsy used as the reference standard. Eur Radiol. 20(2):359-66, 2010 Feb.
40.
Miller WJ, Baron RL, Dodd GD 3rd, Federle MP. Malignancies in patients with cirrhosis: CT sensitivity and specificity in 200 consecutive transplant patients. Radiology. 193(3):645-50, 1994 Dec.
41.
Wang ZZ, Yeh BB, Roberts JJ, Breiman RR, Qayyum AA, Coakley FF. Living donor candidates for right hepatic lobe transplantation: evaluation at CT cholangiography--initial experience. Radiology 235:899-904, .
42.
Ajiki TT, Fukumoto TT, Ueno KK, Okazaki TT, Matsumoto II, Ku YY. Three-dimensional computed tomographic cholangiography as a novel diagnostic tool for evaluation of bile duct invasion of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 60:1833-8, .
43.
Fidler JJ, Knudsen JJ, Collins DD, et al. Prospective assessment of dynamic CT and MR cholangiography in functional biliary pain. AJR Am J Roentgenol 201:W271-82, .
44.
Guimarães LL, Fidler JJ, Fletcher JJ, et al. Assessment of appropriateness of indications for CT enterography in younger patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis 16:226-32, .
45.
Hara AK, Alam S, Heigh RI, Gurudu SR, Hentz JG, Leighton JA. Using CT enterography to monitor Crohn's disease activity: a preliminary study. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(6):1512-1516
46.
Kambadakone AR, Chaudhary NA, Desai GS, Nguyen DD, Kulkarni NM, Sahani DV. Low-dose MDCT and CT enterography of patients with Crohn disease: feasibility of adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 196(6):W743-52, 2011 Jun.
47.
Huprich JE, Fletcher JG, Fidler JL, et al. Prospective blinded comparison of wireless capsule endoscopy and multiphase CT enterography in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Radiology. 2011;260(3):744-751.
48.
Wallihan DB, Podberesky DJ, Sullivan J, et al. Diagnostic Performance and Dose Comparison of Filtered Back Projection and Adaptive Iterative Dose Reduction Three-dimensional CT Enterography in Children and Young Adults. Radiology. 276(1):233-42, 2015 Jul.
50.
Hara AA, Swartz PP. CT enterography of Crohn's disease. Abdom Imaging 34:289-95, .
51.
De Cecco CC, Ferrari RR, Rengo MM, Paolantonio PP, Vecchietti FF, Laghi AA. Anatomic variations of the hepatic arteries in 250 patients studied with 64-row CT angiography. Eur Radiol 19:2765-70, .
52.
Türkvatan AA, Ozdemir MM, Cumhur TT, Olçer TT. Multidetector CT angiography of renal vasculature: normal anatomy and variants. Eur Radiol 19:236-44, .
53.
Vu M, Anderson SW, Shah N, Soto JA, Rhea JT. CT of blunt abdominal and pelvic vascular injury. [Review] [12 refs]. EMERG. RADIOL.. 17(1):21-9, 2010 Jan.
54.
Fuentes-Orrego JJ, Pinho DD, Kulkarni NN, Agrawal MM, Ghoshhajra BB, Sahani DD. New and evolving concepts in CT for abdominal vascular imaging. Radiographics 34:1363-84, .
55.
Heijenbrok-Kal MH, Kock MC, Hunink MG. Lower extremity arterial disease: multidetector CT angiography meta-analysis. Radiology. 2007;245(2):433-439.
56.
Rubin GD, Armerding MD, Dake MD, Napel S. Cost identification of abdominal aortic aneurysm imaging by using time and motion analyses. Radiology. 2000 Apr;215(1):63-70.
57.
Ippolito D, Talei Franzesi C, Fior D, Bonaffini PA, Minutolo O, Sironi S. Low kV settings CT angiography (CTA) with low dose contrast medium volume protocol in the assessment of thoracic and abdominal aorta disease: a feasibility study. Br J Radiol. 88(1049):20140140, 2015 May.
58.
Liu PS, Platt JF. CT angiography in the abdomen: a pictorial review and update. [Review]. Abdom Imaging. 39(1):196-214, 2014 Feb.
59.
Suzuki KK, Nishimi DD, Morioka HH, Takanami MM. Hematospermia associated with congenital arteriovenous malformation of internal iliac vessels. Int J Urol 14:370-2, .
60.
Zeitoun DD, Brancatelli GG, Colombat MM, et al. Congenital hepatic fibrosis: CT findings in 18 adults. Radiology 231:109-16, .
61.
Lawler LL, Jarret TT, Corl FF, Fishman EE. Adult ureteropelvic junction obstruction: insights with three-dimensional multi-detector row CT. Radiographics 25:121-34, .
62.
Delabrousse E, Lubrano J, Jehl J, et al. Small-bowel obstruction from adhesive bands and matted adhesions: CT differentiation. AJR. 2009; 192(3):693-697.
63.
Sundaram BB, Miller CC, Cohan RR, Schipper MM, Francis II. Can CT features be used to diagnose surgical adult bowel intussusceptions?. AJR Am J Roentgenol 193:471-8, .
64.
Artigas JJ, Martí MM, Soto JJ, Esteban HH, Pinilla II, Guillén EE. Multidetector CT angiography for acute gastrointestinal bleeding: technique and findings. Radiographics 33:1453-70, .
65.
Wang Z, Chen JQ, Liu JL, Qin XG, Huang Y. CT enterography in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2013;57(3):263-273.
66.
Boudiaf M, Soyer P, Terem C, Pelage JP, Maissiat E, Rymer R. Ct evaluation of small bowel obstruction. Radiographics. 2001;21(3):613-24.
67.
Fidler JL, Gunn ML, Soto JA, et al. Society of abdominal radiology gastrointestinal bleeding disease-focused panel consensus recommendations for CTA technical parameters in the evaluation of acute overt gastrointestinal bleeding. Abdominal Radiology. 44(9):2957-2962, 2019 09.Abdom Radiol. 44(9):2957-2962, 2019 09.
68.
Johnson CD.. CT colonography: coming of age. [Review] [34 refs]. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 193(5):1239-42, 2009 Nov.
69.
Plumb AA, Halligan S, Pendse DA, Taylor SA, Mallett S. Sensitivity and specificity of CT colonography for the detection of colonic neoplasia after positive faecal occult blood testing: systematic review and meta-analysis. [Review]. Eur Radiol. 24(5):1049-58, 2014 May.
70.
Kriza C, Emmert M, Wahlster P, Niederlander C, Kolominsky-Rabas P. An international review of the main cost-effectiveness drivers of virtual colonography versus conventional colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening: is the tide changing due to adherence?. [Review]. Eur J Radiol. 82(11):e629-36, 2013 Nov.
71.
Pickhardt PJ, Hassan C, Halligan S, Marmo R. Colorectal cancer: CT colonography and colonoscopy for detection--systematic review and meta-analysis. [Review]. Radiology. 259(2):393-405, 2011 May.
72.
American College of Radiology. ACR-SABI-SAR Practice Parameter for the Performance of Computed Tomography (CT) Colonography in Adults. Available at https://gravitas.acr.org/PPTS/GetDocumentView?docId=33+&releaseId=2
73.
Gervais DD, Brown SS, Connolly SS, Brec SS, Harisinghani MM, Mueller PP. Percutaneous imaging-guided abdominal and pelvic abscess drainage in children. Radiographics 24:737-54, .
74.
Singh BB, May KK, Coltart II, Moore NN, Cunningham CC. The long-term results of percutaneous drainage of diverticular abscess. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 90:297-301, .
75.
Stattaus JJ, Kalkmann JJ, Kuehl HH, et al. Diagnostic yield of computed tomography-guided coaxial core biopsy of undetermined masses in the free retroperitoneal space: single-center experience. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 31:919-25, .
76.
Cronin CC, Gervais DD, Hahn PP, Arellano RR, Guimaraes AA, Mueller PP. Treatment of deep intramuscular and musculoskeletal abscess: experience with 99 CT-guided percutaneous catheter drainage procedures. AJR Am J Roentgenol 196:1182-8, .
77.
Yamakado K, Takaki H, Nakatsuka A, et al. Percutaneous transhepatic drainage of inaccessible abdominal abscesses following abdominal surgery under real-time CT-fluoroscopic guidance. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2010;33(1):161-163.
78.
Heilbrun MM, Zagoria RR, Garvin AA, et al. CT-guided biopsy for the diagnosis of renal tumors before treatment with percutaneous ablation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 188:1500-5, .
79.
Liao WW, Tsai SS, Yu CC, et al. Pyogenic liver abscess treated by percutaneous catheter drainage: MDCT measurement for treatment outcome. Eur J Radiol 81:609-15, .
80.
Shin SS, Lee JJ, Kim KK, et al. Postablation assessment using follow-up registration of CT images before and after radiofrequency ablation (RFA): prospective evaluation of midterm therapeutic results of RFA for hepatocellular carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 203:70-7, .
81.
Schima WW, Ba-Ssalamah AA, Kurtaran AA, Schindl MM, Gruenberger TT. Post-treatment imaging of liver tumours. Cancer Imaging 7 Spec No A:S28-36, .
82.
Park MM, Rhim HH, Kim YY, Choi DD, Lim HH, Lee WW. Spectrum of CT findings after radiofrequency ablation of hepatic tumors. Radiographics 28:379-90; discussion 390-2, .
83.
Kawamoto SS, Permpongkosol SS, Bluemke DD, Fishman EE, Solomon SS. Sequential changes after radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation of renal neoplasms: role of CT and MR imaging. Radiographics 27:343-55, .
84.
Meijerink MM, van Cruijsen HH, Hoekman KK, et al. The use of perfusion CT for the evaluation of therapy combining AZD2171 with gefitinib in cancer patients. Eur Radiol 17:1700-13, .
85.
Schlemmer MM, Sourbron SS, Schinwald NN, et al. Perfusion patterns of metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor lesions under specific molecular therapy. Eur J Radiol 77:312-8, .
86.
Schramm NN, Englhart EE, Schlemmer MM, et al. Tumor response and clinical outcome in metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors under sunitinib therapy: comparison of RECIST, Choi and volumetric criteria. Eur J Radiol 82:951-8, .
87.
Kim SS, Kamaya AA, Willmann JJ. CT perfusion of the liver: principles and applications in oncology. Radiology 272:322-44, .
88.
Viswanathan C, Truong MT, Sagebiel TL, et al. Abdominal and pelvic complications of nonoperative oncologic therapy. Radiographics. 34(4):941-61, 2014 Jul-Aug.
89.
Aird EG, Conway J. CT simulation for radiotherapy treatment planning. Br J Radiol. 2002 Dec;75(900):937-49.
90.
Hermoye LL, Laamari-Azjal II, Cao ZZ, et al. Liver segmentation in living liver transplant donors: comparison of semiautomatic and manual methods. Radiology 234:171-8, .
91.
Peterson MS, Baron RL, Marsh JW, Oliver JH, Confer SR, Hunt LE. Pretransplantation surveillance for possible hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: epidemiology and CT-based tumor detection rate in 430 cases with surgical pathologic correlation. Radiology. 2000 Dec;217(3):743-9.
92.
Sahani DD, Rastogi NN, Greenfield AA, et al. Multi-detector row CT in evaluation of 94 living renal donors by readers with varied experience. Radiology 235:905-10, .
93.
Zamboni GG, Romero JJ, Raptopoulos VV. Combined vascular-excretory phase MDCT angiography in the preoperative evaluation of renal donors. AJR Am J Roentgenol 194:145-50, .
94.
Kawamoto SS, Montgomery RR, Lawler LL, Horton KK, Fishman EE. Multi-detector row CT evaluation of living renal donors prior to laparoscopic nephrectomy. Radiographics 24:453-66, .
95.
Singh AA, Nachiappan AA, Verma HH, et al. Postoperative imaging in liver transplantation: what radiologists should know. Radiographics 30:339-51, .
96.
American College of Radiology. ACR–SPR Practice Parameter for the use of Intravascular Contrast Media. Available at https://gravitas.acr.org/PPTS/GetDocumentView?docId=142+&releaseId=2
97.
American College of Radiology. ACR Committee on Drugs and Contrast Media. Manual on Contrast Media. Available at: https://www.acr.org/Clinical-Resources/Clinical-Tools-and-Reference/Contrast-Manual.
98.
American College of Radiology. ACR-SPR Practice Parameter for Imaging Pregnant or Potentially Pregnant Patients with Ionizing Radiation. Available at: https://gravitas.acr.org/PPTS/GetDocumentView?docId=23+&releaseId=2.
99.
American College of Radiology. ACR–SPR Practice Parameter for Performing and Interpreting Diagnostic Computed Tomography (CT). Available at https://gravitas.acr.org/PPTS/GetDocumentView?docId=132+&releaseId=2
100.
Kalra MM, Maher MM, Toth TT, et al. Techniques and applications of automatic tube current modulation for CT. Radiology 233:649-57, .
101.
Yu LL, Li HH, Fletcher JJ, McCollough CC. Automatic selection of tube potential for radiation dose reduction in CT: a general strategy. Med Phys 37:234-43, .
102.
Geyer LL, Schoepf UU, Meinel FF, et al. State of the Art: Iterative CT Reconstruction Techniques. Radiology 276:339-57, .
103.
Primak AA, Giraldo JJ, Eusemann CC, et al. Dual-source dual-energy CT with additional tin filtration: Dose and image quality evaluation in phantoms and in vivo. AJR Am J Roentgenol 195:1164-74, .
104.
Greffier JJ, Hamard AA, Pereira FF, et al. Image quality and dose reduction opportunity of deep learning image reconstruction algorithm for CT: a phantom study. Eur Radiol 30:3951-3959, .
105.
Singh RR, Digumarthy SS, Muse VV, et al. Image Quality and Lesion Detection on Deep Learning Reconstruction and Iterative Reconstruction of Submillisievert Chest and Abdominal CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 214:566-573, .
106.
Ketelsen DD, Buchgeister MM, Fenchel MM, et al. Automated computed tomography dose-saving algorithm to protect radiosensitive tissues: estimation of radiation exposure and image quality considerations. Invest Radiol 47:148-52, .
107.
Gandhi DD, Crotty DD, Stevens GG, Schmidt TT. Technical Note: Phantom study to evaluate the dose and image quality effects of a computed tomography organ-based tube current modulation technique. Med Phys 42:6572-8, .
108.
Marin D, Nelson RC, Samei E, et al. Hypervascular liver tumors: low tube voltage, high tube current multidetector CT during late hepatic arterial phase for detection--initial clinical experience. Radiology. 2009; 251(3):771-779.
109.
Marin DD, Nelson RR, Schindera SS, et al. Low-tube-voltage, high-tube-current multidetector abdominal CT: improved image quality and decreased radiation dose with adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction algorithm--initial clinical experience. Radiology 254:145-53, .
110.
Wintersperger BB, Jakobs TT, Herzog PP, et al. Aorto-iliac multidetector-row CT angiography with low kV settings: improved vessel enhancement and simultaneous reduction of radiation dose. Eur Radiol 15:334-41, .
111.
Gleeson TT, Moriarty JJ, Shortt CC, et al. Accuracy of whole-body low-dose multidetector CT (WBLDCT) versus skeletal survey in the detection of myelomatous lesions, and correlation of disease distribution with whole-body MRI (WBMRI). Skeletal Radiol 38:225-36, .
112.
Tsili AA, Argyropoulou MM, Gousia AA, et al. Renal cell carcinoma: value of multiphase MDCT with multiplanar reformations in the detection of pseudocapsule. AJR Am J Roentgenol 199:379-86, .
113.
Yun BB, Kim SS, Kim SS, Added value of multiplanar reformations to axial multi-detector row computed tomographic images for the differentiation of macrocystic pancreas neoplasms: receiver operating characteristic analysis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 34:899-906, .
114.
Neville AM, Paulson EK. MDCT of acute appendicitis: value of coronal reformations. Abdom Imaging. 2009; 34(1):42-48.
115.
Sandrasegaran K, Rydberg J, Tann M, Hawes DR, Kopecky KK, Maglinte DD. Benefits of routine use of coronal and sagittal reformations in multi-slice CT examination of the abdomen and pelvis. Clin Radiol. 62(4):340-7, 2007 Apr.
116.
Jaffe TA, Martin LC, Thomas J, Adamson AR, DeLong DM, Paulson EK. Small-bowel obstruction: coronal reformations from isotropic voxels at 16-section multi-detector row CT. Radiology. 2006; 238(1):135-142.
117.
Tschugunow AA, Puesken MM, Juergens KK, et al. Optimization of scan delay for routine abdominal 64-slice CT with body weight-adapted application of contrast material. Rofo 181:683-90, .
118.
Yamashita Y, Komohara Y, Takahashi M, et al. Abdominal helical CT: evaluation of optimal doses of intravenous contrast material--a prospective randomized study. Radiology. 2000 Sep;216(3):718-23.
119.
Kielar AZ, Patlas MN, Katz DS. Oral contrast for CT in patients with acute non-traumatic abdominal and pelvic pain: what should be its current role?. [Review]. Emergency Radiology. 23(5):477-81, 2016 Oct.EMERG. RADIOL.. 23(5):477-81, 2016 Oct.
120.
Kammerer SS, Höink AA, Wessling JJ, et al. Abdominal and pelvic CT: is positive enteric contrast still necessary? Results of a retrospective observational study. Eur Radiol 25:669-78, .
121.
DillmanJonathan RJR0000-0003-0124-0164From the Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, ML 5031, Cincinnati, OH 45229., TowbinAlexander JAJ0000-0003-1729-5071From the Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, ML 5031, Cincinnati, OH 45229., ImbusRebeccaRFrom the Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, ML 5031, Cincinnati, OH 45229., YoungJulieJFrom the Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, ML 5031, Cincinnati, OH 45229., GatesEricaEFrom the Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, ML 5031, Cincinnati, OH 45229., TroutAndrew TAT0000-0003-1431-4054From the Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, ML 5031, Cincinnati, OH 45229.. Comparison of Two Neutral Oral Contrast Agents in Pediatric Patients: A Prospective Randomized Study. Radiology 288:245-251, .
122.
Wong JJ, Moore HH, Roger MM, McKee CC. CT enterography: Mannitol versus VoLumen. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 60:593-598, .
123.
Zheng MM, Zeng QQ, Yu YY, et al. Evaluation of the performance of two neutral oral contrast agents in computed tomography enterography: A randomized controlled trial. J Dig Dis 21:112-119, .
124.
Baker ME, Hara AK, Platt JF, Maglinte DD, Fletcher JG. CT enterography for Crohn's disease: optimal technique and imaging issues. Abdom Imaging. 2015 Jun;40(5):938-52.
125.
Cansu A, Ahmetoglu A, Kul S, et al. Diagnostic performance of using effervescent powder for detection and grading of esophageal varices by multi-detector computed tomography. Eur J Radiol. 83(3):497-502, 2014 Mar.
126.
Flohr TT, Schaller SS, Stierstorfer KK, Bruder HH, Ohnesorge BB, Schoepf UU. Multi-detector row CT systems and image-reconstruction techniques. Radiology 235:756-73, .
127.
Ehman EE, Yu LL, Manduca AA, et al. Methods for clinical evaluation of noise reduction techniques in abdominopelvic CT. Radiographics 34:849-62, .
128.
Clark ZZ, Bolus DD, Little MM, Morgan DD. Abdominal rapid-kVp-switching dual-energy MDCT with reduced IV contrast compared to conventional MDCT with standard weight-based IV contrast: an intra-patient comparison. Abdom Imaging 40:852-8, .
129.
Han SC, Chung YE, Lee YH, Park KK, Kim MJ, Kim KW. Metal artifact reduction software used with abdominopelvic dual-energy CT of patients with metal hip prostheses: assessment of image quality and clinical feasibility. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;203(4):788-795.
130.
McCollough CH, Leng S, Yu L, Fletcher JG. Dual- and Multi-Energy CT: Principles, Technical Approaches, and Clinical Applications. Radiology. 2015;276(3):637-653.
131.
Marin DD, Boll DD, Mileto AA, Nelson RR. State of the art: dual-energy CT of the abdomen. Radiology 271:327-42, .
132.
Itani M, Bresnahan BW, Rice K, et al. Clinical and Payer-Based Analysis of Value of Dual-Energy Computed Tomography for Workup of Incidental Abdominal Findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 43(4):605-611, 2019 Jul/Aug.
133.
Patel BN, Boltyenkov AT, Martinez MG, et al. Cost-effectiveness of dual-energy CT versus multiphasic single-energy CT and MRI for characterization of incidental indeterminate renal lesions. Abdominal Radiology. 45(6):1896-1906, 2020 06.
134.
Shuman WW, Mileto AA, Busey JJ, Desai NN, Koprowicz KK. Dual-Energy CT Urography With 50% Reduced Iodine Dose Versus Single-Energy CT Urography With Standard Iodine Dose. AJR Am J Roentgenol 212:117-123, .
135.
Kaza RK, Ananthakrishnan L, Kambadakone A, Platt JF. Update of Dual-Energy CT Applications in the Genitourinary Tract. [Review]. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 208(6):1185-1192, 2017 Jun.
136.
McCollough CH, Boedeker K, Cody D, et al. Principles and applications of multienergy CT: Report of AAPM Task Group 291. Med Phys. 47(7):e881-e912, 2020 Jul.
137.
Shuman WP, O'Malley RB, Busey JM, Ramos MM, Koprowicz KM. Prospective comparison of dual-energy CT aortography using 70% reduced iodine dose versus single-energy CT aortography using standard iodine dose in the same patient. Abdom Radiol. 42(3):759-765, 2017 03.
138.
Parakh AA, Negreros-Osuna AA, Patino MM, McNulty FF, Kambadakone AA, Sahani DD. Low-keV and Low-kVp CT for Positive Oral Contrast Media in Patients with Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Radiology 291:620-629, .
139.
Fursevich DD, LiMarzi GG, O'Dell MM, Hernandez MM, Sensakovic WW. Bariatric CT Imaging: Challenges and Solutions. Radiographics 36:1076-86, .
140.
Szczykutowicz TT, Rubert NN, Belden DD, et al. A Wiki-Based Solution to Managing Your Institution's Imaging Protocols. J Am Coll Radiol 13:822-4, .
141.
Tamm EE, Rong XX, Cody DD, Ernst RR, Fitzgerald NN, Kundra VV. Quality initiatives: CT radiation dose reduction: how to implement change without sacrificing diagnostic quality. Radiographics 31:1823-32, .
142.
Yu LL, Bruesewitz MM, Thomas KK, Fletcher JJ, Kofler JJ, McCollough CC. Optimal tube potential for radiation dose reduction in pediatric CT: principles, clinical implementations, and pitfalls. Radiographics 31:835-48, .
143.
Lee CC, Goo JJ, Ye HH, et al. Radiation dose modulation techniques in the multidetector CT era: from basics to practice. Radiographics 28:1451-9, .
144.
Goshima SS, Kanematsu MM, Kondo HH, et al. MDCT of the liver and hypervascular hepatocellular carcinomas: optimizing scan delays for bolus-tracking techniques of hepatic arterial and portal venous phases. AJR Am J Roentgenol 187:W25-32, .
145.
Kondo H, Kanematsu M, Goshima S, et al. MDCT of the pancreas: optimizing scanning delay with a bolus-tracking technique for pancreatic, peripancreatic vascular, and hepatic contrast enhancement. AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology. 188(3):751-6, 2007 Mar.AJR Am J Roentgenol. 188(3):751-6, 2007 Mar.
146.
American College of Radiology. ACR Practice Parameter for Communication of Diagnostic Imaging Findings. Available at https://gravitas.acr.org/PPTS/GetDocumentView?docId=74+&releaseId=2
147.
American College of Radiology. ACR-ASER-SABI-SPR Practice Parameter for the Performance of Pediatric Computed Tomography (CT). Available at https://gravitas.acr.org/PPTS/GetDocumentView?docId=77+&releaseId=2
148.
American College of Radiology. ACR–AAPM Technical Standard for Diagnostic Medical Physics Performance Monitoring of Computed Tomography (CT) Equipment. Available at https://gravitas.acr.org/PPTS/GetDocumentView?docId=131+&releaseId=2
149.
Harri PP, Moreno CC, Nelson RR, et al. Variability of MDCT dose due to technologist performance: impact of posteroanterior versus anteroposterior localizer image and table height with use of automated tube current modulation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 203:377-86, .
150.
Habibzadeh MA, Ay MR, Asl AR, Ghadiri H, Zaidi H. Impact of miscentering on patient dose and image noise in x-ray CT imaging: phantom and clinical studies. Phys Med. 2012 Jul;28(3):191-9.
151.
Schindera SS, Nauer CC, Treier RR, et al. [Strategies for reducing the CT radiation dose]. Radiologe 50:1120, 1122-7, .
152.
Gudjonsdottir JJ, Svensson JJ, Campling SS, Brennan PP, Jonsdottir BB. Efficient use of automatic exposure control systems in computed tomography requires correct patient positioning. Acta Radiol 50:1035-41, .
153.
Li JJ, Udayasankar UU, Toth TT, Seamans JJ, Small WW, Kalra MM. Automatic patient centering for MDCT: effect on radiation dose. AJR Am J Roentgenol 188:547-52, .
154.
Liu HH, Gao YY, Ding AA, Caracappa PP, Xu XX. The profound effects of patient arm positioning on organ doses from CT procedures calculated using Monte Carlo simulations and deformable phantoms. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 164:368-75, .
155.
Brink MM, de Lange FF, Oostveen LL, et al. Arm raising at exposure-controlled multidetector trauma CT of thoracoabdominal region: higher image quality, lower radiation dose. Radiology 249:661-70, .
156.
American College of Radiology. ACR Endorses AAPM Position on Gonadal and Fetal Shielding Available at: https://www.acr.org/Advocacy-and-Economics/Advocacy-News/Advocacy-News-Issues/In-the-June-8-2019-Issue/ACR-Endorses-AAPM-Position-on-Patient-Gonadal-and-Fetal-Shielding.