PPTS Portal Home
Revised 2021 (Resolution 41)
Document Navigator
All
PREAMBLE
I. INTRODUCTION
II. INDICATIONS
III. QUALIFICATIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF PERSONNEL
IV. SAFETY GUIDELINES AND POSSIBLE CONTRAINDICATIONS
V. SPECIFICATIONS OF THE EXAMINATION
VI. DOCUMENTATION
VII. EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
VIII. QUALITY CONTROL AND IMPROVEMENT, SAFETY, INFECTION CONTROL, AND PATIENT EDUCATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Document Navigator
ACR–SPR–SSR PRACTICE PARAMETER FOR THE PERFORMANCE AND INTERPRETATION OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) OF THE ELBOW
PREAMBLE
I. INTRODUCTION
II. INDICATIONS
III. QUALIFICATIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF PERSONNEL
IV. SAFETY GUIDELINES AND POSSIBLE CONTRAINDICATIONS
V. SPECIFICATIONS OF THE EXAMINATION
VI. DOCUMENTATION
VII. EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
VIII. QUALITY CONTROL AND IMPROVEMENT, SAFETY, INFECTION CONTROL, AND PATIENT EDUCATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
1. [9882723]
Miller TT. Imaging of elbow disorders. Orthop Clin North Am 30:21-36, .
2. [10660698]
Potter HH. Imaging of posttraumatic and soft tissue dysfunction of the elbow. Clin Orthop Relat Res 370:9-18, .
3. [2202004]
Sauser DD, Thordarson SS, Fahr LL. Imaging of the elbow. Radiol Clin North Am 28:923-40, .
4. [12118824]
Sofka CM, Potter HG. Imaging of elbow injuries in the child and adult athlete. Radiol Clin North Am. 40(2):251-65, 2002 Mar.
5. [20097927]
Baker CL 3rd, Romeo AA, Baker CL Jr. Osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum. Am J Sports Med. 38(9):1917-28, 2010 Sep.
6. [15855372]
Dubberley JJ, Faber KK, Patterson SS, et al. The detection of loose bodies in the elbow: the value of MRI and CT arthrography. J Bone Joint Surg Br 87:684-6, .
7. [9150017]
Janarv PP, Hesser UU, Hirsch GG. Osteochondral lesions in the radiocapitellar joint in the skeletally immature: radiographic, MRI, and arthroscopic findings in 13 consecutive cases. J Pediatr Orthop 17:311-4, .
8. [15761743]
Kijowski RR, De Smet AA. Radiography of the elbow for evaluation of patients with osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum. Skeletal Radiol 34:266-71, .
9. [11000172]
Mulligan SA, Schwartz ML, Broussard MF, Andrews JR. Heterotopic calcification and tears of the ulnar collateral ligament: radiographic and MR imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 175(4):1099-102, 2000 Oct.
10. [11186405]
Eygendaal D, Heijboer MP, Obermann WR, Rozing PM. Medial instability of the elbow: findings on valgus load radiography and MRI in 16 athletes. Acta Orthop Scand. 71(5):480-3, 2000 Oct.
11. [18343303]
Lynch JR, Waitayawinyu T, Hanel DP, Trumble TE. Medial collateral ligament injury in the overhand-throwing athlete. [Review] [31 refs]. J Hand Surg [Am]. 33(3):430-7, 2008 Mar.
12. [8134574]
Rijke AA, Goitz HH, McCue FF, Andrews JJ, Berr SS. Stress radiography of the medial elbow ligaments. Radiology 191:213-6, .
13. [16962430]
Buckwalter KK. CT Arthrography. Clin Sports Med 25:899-915, .
14. [9673644]
Steinbach LS, Schwartz M. Elbow arthrography. Radiol Clin North Am. 1998;36(4):635-649.
15. [15474228]
Ahmad CS, ElAttrache NS. Valgus extension overload syndrome and stress injury of the olecranon. [Review] [34 refs]. Clin Sports Med. 23(4):665-76, x, 2004 Oct.
16. [16798139]
Anderson MW.. Imaging of upper extremity stress fractures in the athlete. [Review] [56 refs]. Clin Sports Med. 25(3):489-504, vii, 2006 Jul.
17. [14714145]
Finlay KK, Ferri MM, Friedman LL. Ultrasound of the elbow. Skeletal Radiol 33:63-79, .
18. [11810151]
Martinoli C, Bianchi S, Giovagnorio F, Pugliese F. Ultrasound of the elbow. Skeletal Radiol. 2001;30(11):605-614.
19. [9493728]
De Maeseneer MM, Jacobson JJ, Jaovisidha SS, et al. Elbow effusions: distribution of joint fluid with flexion and extension and imaging implications. Invest Radiol 33:117-25, .
20. [8837280]
Liessi GG, Cesari SS, Spaliviero BB, Dell'Antonio CC, Avventi PP. The US,CT and MR findings of cubital bursitis: a report of five cases. Skeletal Radiol 25:471-5, .
21. [15208108]
Sofka CM, Adler RS. Sonography of cubital bursitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183(1):51-53.
22. [11526255]
Jacobson JA, Jebson PJ, Jeffers AW, Fessell DP, Hayes CW. Ulnar nerve dislocation and snapping triceps syndrome: diagnosis with dynamic sonography--report of three cases. Radiology. 2001;220(3):601-605.
23. [19470822]
Kinni VV, Craig JJ, van Holsbeeck MM, Ditmars DD. Entrapment of the posterior interosseous nerve at the arcade of Frohse with sonographic, magnetic resonance imaging, and intraoperative confirmation. J Ultrasound Med 28:807-12, .
24. [15179657]
Park GY, Kim JM, Lee SM. The ultrasonographic and electrodiagnostic findings of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(6):1000-1005.
25. [11222225]
Connell DD, Burke FF, Coombes PP, et al. Sonographic examination of lateral epicondylitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 176:777-82, .
26. [11000169]
Miller TT, Adler RR. Sonography of tears of the distal biceps tendon. AJR Am J Roentgenol 175:1081-6, .
27. [11981928]
Miller TT, Shapiro MM, Schultz EE, Kalish PP. Comparison of sonography and MRI for diagnosing epicondylitis. J Clin Ultrasound 30:193-202, .
28. [1529851]
Markowitz RR, Davidson RR, Harty MM, Bellah RR, Hubbard AA, Rosenberg HH. Sonography of the elbow in infants and children. AJR Am J Roentgenol 159:829-33, .
29. [18822194]
Zhang JJ, Chen HH. Ultrasonography for non-displaced and mini-displaced humeral lateral condyle fractures in children. Chin J Traumatol 11:297-300, .
30. [18626636]
Zuazo I, Bonnefoy O, Tauzin C, et al. Acute elbow trauma in children: role of ultrasonography. Pediatr Radiol. 2008;38(9):982-988.
31. [12395281]
De Smet AA, Winter TT, Best TT, Bernhardt DD. Dynamic sonography with valgus stress to assess elbow ulnar collateral ligament injury in baseball pitchers. Skeletal Radiol 31:671-6, .
32. [12616000]
Nazarian LL, McShane JJ, Ciccotti MM, O'Kane PP, Harwood MM. Dynamic US of the anterior band of the ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow in asymptomatic major league baseball pitchers. Radiology 227:149-54, .
33. [11940610]
Sasaki JJ, Takahara MM, Ogino TT, Kashiwa HH, Ishigaki DD, Kanauchi YY. Ultrasonographic assessment of the ulnar collateral ligament and medial elbow laxity in college baseball players. J Bone Joint Surg Am 84:525-31, .
34. [11247702]
Miller JJ, Beggs II. Detection of intraarticular bodies of the elbow with saline arthrosonography. Clin Radiol 56:231-4, .
35. [2352797]
Blickman JJ, Dunlop RR, Sanzone CC, Franklin PP. Is CT useful in the traumatized pediatric elbow?. Pediatr Radiol 20:184-5, .
36. [3170844]
Franklin PP, Dunlop RR, Whitelaw GG, Jacques EE, Blickman JJ, Shapiro JJ. Computed tomography of the normal and traumatized elbow. J Comput Assist Tomogr 12:817-23, .
37. [3393673]
Hindman BB, Schreiber RR, Wiss DD, Ghilarducci MM, Avolio RR. Supracondylar fractures of the humerus: prediction of the cubitus varus deformity with CT. Radiology 168:513-5, .
38. [8537513]
Garniek AA, Morag BB, Yaffe BB, Luboshitz SS, Rubinstein ZZ. True sagittal CT scanning of the elbow. J Comput Assist Tomogr 19:1012-3, .
39. [18312783]
Shahabpour MM, Kichouh MM, Laridon EE, Gielen JJ, De Mey JJ. The effectiveness of diagnostic imaging methods for the assessment of soft tissue and articular disorders of the shoulder and elbow. Eur J Radiol 65:194-200, .
40. [8162677]
Holland PP, Davies AA, Cassar-Pullicino VV. Computed tomographic arthrography in the assessment of osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow. Clin Radiol 49:231-5, .
41. [8180456]
Quinn SF, Haberman JJ, Fitzgerald SW, Traughber PD, Belkin RI, Murray WT. Evaluation of loose bodies in the elbow with MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1994;4(2):169-172.
42. [3715029]
Singson RR, Feldman FF, Rosenberg ZZ. Elbow joint: assessment with double-contrast CT arthrography. Radiology 160:167-73, .
43. [18832601]
Dodson CC, Nho SS, Williams RR, Altchek DD. Elbow arthroscopy. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 16:574-85, .
44. [17986412]
Steinmann SS. Elbow arthroscopy: where are we now?. Arthroscopy 23:1231-6, .
45. [10976118]
Reddy AA, Kvitne RR, Yocum LL, Elattrache NN, Glousman RR, Jobe FF. Arthroscopy of the elbow: a long-term clinical review. Arthroscopy 16:588-94, .
46. [23674780]
Sheehan SE, Dyer GS, Sodickson AD, Patel KI, Khurana B. Traumatic elbow injuries: what the orthopedic surgeon wants to know. Radiographics. 33(3):869-88, 2013 May.
47. [11152789]
Carrino JJ, Morrison WW, Zou KK, Steffen RR, Snearly WW, Murray PP. Lateral ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow: optimization of evaluation with two-dimensional MR imaging. Radiology 218:118-25, .
48. [9280264]
Cotten AA, Jacobson JJ, Brossmann JJ, et al. Collateral ligaments of the elbow: conventional MR imaging and MR arthrography with coronal oblique plane and elbow flexion. Radiology 204:806-12, .
49. [16037511]
Huang GG, Lee CC, Lee HH, Chen CC. MRI, arthroscopy, and histologic observations of an annular ligament causing painful snapping of the elbow joint. AJR Am J Roentgenol 185:397-9, .
50. [15172383]
Kaplan LL, Potter HH. MR imaging of ligament injuries to the elbow. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 12:221-32, v-vi, .
51. [15480640]
Kijowski R, Tuite M, Sanford M. Magnetic resonance imaging of the elbow. Part II: Abnormalities of the ligaments, tendons, and nerves. [Review] [132 refs]. Skeletal Radiol. 34(1):1-18, 2005 Jan.
52. [17135972]
Nassab PP, Schickendantz MM. Evaluation and treatment of medial ulnar collateral ligament injuries in the throwing athlete. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 14:221-31, .
53. [9205244]
Potter HG, Weiland AJ, Schatz JA, Paletta GA, Hotchkiss RN. Posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow: usefulness of MR imaging in diagnosis. Radiology. 1997;204(1):185-189.
54. [12016086]
Salvo JJ, Rizio LL, Zvijac JJ, Uribe JJ, Hechtman KK. Avulsion fracture of the ulnar sublime tubercle in overhead throwing athletes. Am J Sports Med 30:426-31, .
55. [12235350]
Steinbach LS, Palmer WE, Schweitzer ME. Special focus session. MR arthrography. Radiographics. 2002;22(5):1223-1246.
56. [12606870]
Thornton R, Riley GM, Steinbach LS. Magnetic resonance imaging of sports injuries of the elbow. [Review] [38 refs]. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 14(1):69-86, 2003 Feb.
57. [25415705]
Mak SS, Beltran LL, Bencardino JJ, et al. MRI of the annular ligament of the elbow: review of anatomic considerations and pathologic findings in patients with posterolateral elbow instability. AJR Am J Roentgenol 203:1272-9, .
58. [31040053]
Cha YK, Kim SJ, Park NH, Kim JY, Kim JH, Park JY. Magnetic resonance imaging of patients with lateral epicondylitis: Relationship between pain and severity of imaging features in elbow joints. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 53(5):366-371, 2019 Sep.
59. [29734945]
Kwak SH, Lee SJ, Jeong HS, Do MU, Suh KT. Subtle elbow instability associated with lateral epicondylitis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 19(1):136, 2018 May 07.
60. [15789011]
Aoki MM, Wada TT, Isogai SS, Kanaya KK, Aiki HH, Yamashita TT. Magnetic resonance imaging findings of refractory tennis elbows and their relationship to surgical treatment. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 14:172-7, .
61. [15711999]
Kijowski R, De Smet AA. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with medial epicondylitis. Skeletal Radiol. 2005;34(4):196-202.
62. [7784585]
Potter HG, Hannafin JA, Morwessel RM, DiCarlo EF, O'Brien SJ, Altchek DW. Lateral epicondylitis: correlation of MR imaging, surgical, and histopathologic findings. Radiology. 1995;196(1):43-46.
63. [10460377]
Steinborn MM, Heuck AA, Jessel CC, Bonel HH, Reiser MM. Magnetic resonance imaging of lateral epicondylitis of the elbow with a 0.2-T dedicated system. Eur Radiol 9:1376-80, .
64. [20083592]
Walz DM, Newman JS, Konin GP, Ross G. Epicondylitis: pathogenesis, imaging, and treatment. Radiographics. 30(1):167-84, 2010 Jan.
65. [8115606]
Falchook FF, Zlatkin MM, Erbacher GG, Moulton JJ, Bisset GG, Murphy BB. Rupture of the distal biceps tendon: evaluation with MR imaging. Radiology 190:659-63, .
66. [19942363]
Festa A, Mulieri PJ, Newman JS, Spitz DJ, Leslie BM. Effectiveness of magnetic resonance imaging in detecting partial and complete distal biceps tendon rupture. J Hand Surg [Am]. 35(1):77-83, 2010 Jan.
67. [9219717]
Ho CC. MR imaging of tendon injuries in the elbow. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 5:529-43, .
68. [19535270]
Koulouris GG, Malone WW, Omar II, Gopez AA, Wright WW, Kavanagh EE. Bifid insertion of the distal biceps brachii tendon with isolated rupture: magnetic resonance findings. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 18:e22-5, .
69. [11685478]
Williams BD, Schweitzer ME, Weishaupt D, et al. Partial tears of the distal biceps tendon: MR appearance and associated clinical findings. Skeletal Radiol. 30(10):560-4, 2001 Oct.
70. [8956595]
Spinner RJ, Hayden FR, Jr., Hipps CT, Goldner RD. Imaging the snapping triceps. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1996;167(6):1550-1551.
71. [8448764]
Tiger EE, Mayer DD, Glazer RR. Complete avulsion of the triceps tendon: MRI diagnosis. Comput Med Imaging Graph 17:51-4, .
72. [12409603]
Yiannakopoulos CC. Imaging diagnosis of the snapping triceps syndrome. Radiology 225:607-8; author reply 608, .
73. [16973765]
Andreisek GG, Crook DD, Burg DD, Marincek BB, Weishaupt DD. Peripheral neuropathies of the median, radial, and ulnar nerves: MR imaging features. Radiographics 26:1267-87, .
74. [11380128]
Costa MM, Owen-Johnstone SS, Tucker JJ, Marshall TT. The value of MRI in the assessment of an elbow injury in a neonate. J Bone Joint Surg Br 83:544-6, .
75. [11890922]
Sawant MM, Narayanan SS, O'Neill KK, Hudson II. Distal humeral epiphysis fracture separation in neonates -- diagnosis using MRI scan. Injury 33:179-81, .
76. [27477295]
Tanabe KK, Miyamoto NN. Fracture of an unossified humeral medial epicondyle: use of magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis. Skeletal Radiol 45:1409-12, .
77. [11371809]
Bowen RR, Otsuka NN, Yoon SS, Lang PP. Osteochondral lesions of the capitellum in pediatric patients: role of magnetic resonance imaging. J Pediatr Orthop 21:298-301, .
78. [9219720]
Fritz RR. MR imaging of osteochondral and articular lesions. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 5:579-602, .
79. [16303997]
Kijowski RR, De Smet AA. MRI findings of osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum with surgical correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 185:1453-9, .
80. [15480641]
Kijowski RR, Tuite MM, Sanford MM. Magnetic resonance imaging of the elbow. Part I: normal anatomy, imaging technique, and osseous abnormalities. Skeletal Radiol 33:685-97, .
81. [19221737]
Marshall KW, Marshall DL, Busch MT, Williams JP. Osteochondral lesions of the humeral trochlea in the young athlete. Skeletal Radiol. 38(5):479-91, 2009 May.
82. [7709246]
Peiss JJ, Adam GG, Casser RR, Urhahn RR, Günther RR. Gadopentetate-dimeglumine-enhanced MR imaging of osteonecrosis and osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow: initial experience. Skeletal Radiol 24:17-20, .
83. [19011851]
Pruthi SS, Parnell SS, Thapa MM. Pseudointercondylar notch sign: manifestation of osteochondritis dissecans of the trochlea. Pediatr Radiol 39:180-3, .
84. [15702339]
Waldt SS, Bruegel MM, Ganter KK, et al. Comparison of multislice CT arthrography and MR arthrography for the detection of articular cartilage lesions of the elbow. Eur Radiol 15:784-91, .
85. [14749979]
Cheng XX, You YY, Liu WW, Zhao TT, Qu HH. MRI features of pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS). Clin Rheumatol 23:31-4, .
86. [15208103]
Floemer FF, Morrison WW, Bongartz GG, Ledermann HH. MRI characteristics of olecranon bursitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 183:29-34, .
87. [15172391]
Jbara MM, Patnana MM, Kazmi FF, Beltran JJ. MR imaging: arthropathies and infectious conditions of the elbow, wrist, and hand. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 12:361-79, vii, .
88. [9219721]
Schweitzer MM, Morrison WW. Arthropathies and inflammatory conditions of the elbow. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 5:603-17, .
89. [11717088]
Awaya HH, Schweitzer MM, Feng SS, et al. Elbow synovial fold syndrome: MR imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 177:1377-81, .
90. [19089437]
Steinert AA, Goebel SS, Rucker AA, Barthel TT. Snapping elbow caused by hypertrophic synovial plica in the radiohumeral joint: a report of three cases and review of literature. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 130:347-51, .
91. [10405729]
Skaf AY, Boutin RD, Dantas RW, et al. Bicipitoradial bursitis: MR imaging findings in eight patients and anatomic data from contrast material opacification of bursae followed by routine radiography and MR imaging in cadavers. Radiology. 1999;212(1):111-116.
92. [11679217]
Yamamoto T, Mizuno K, Soejima T, Fujii M. Bicipital radial bursitis: CT and MR appearance. Computerized Medical Imaging & Graphics. 25(6):531-3, 2001 Nov-Dec.
93. [12239011]
Schickendantz MM, Ho CC, Koh JJ. Stress injury of the proximal ulna in professional baseball players. Am J Sports Med 30:737-41, .
94. [27726752]
Delgado J, Jaramillo D, Chauvin NA. Imaging the Injured Pediatric Athlete: Upper Extremity. [Review]. Radiographics. 36(6):1672-1687, 2016 Oct.
95. [12898058]
Akansel G, Dalbayrak S, Yilmaz M, Bekler H, Arslan A. MRI demonstration of intra-articular median nerve entrapment after elbow dislocation. Skeletal Radiol. 32(9):537-41, 2003 Sep.
96. [15172385]
Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of entrapment neuropathies at the elbow. [Review] [94 refs]. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 12(2):247-63, vi, 2004 May.
97. [12818863]
Chien AA, Jamadar DD, Jacobson JJ, Hayes CC, Louis DD. Sonography and MR imaging of posterior interosseous nerve syndrome with surgical correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 181:219-21, .
98. [12763351]
Mobbs RJ, Rogan C, Blum P. Entrapment neuropathy of the ulnar nerve by a constriction band: the role of MRI. J Clin Neurosci. 10(3):374-5, 2003 May.
99. [12195507]
Pecina MM, Boric II, Anticevic DD. Intraoperatively proven anomalous Struthers' ligament diagnosed by MRI. Skeletal Radiol 31:532-5, .
100. [16481216]
Vucic S, Cordato DJ, Yiannikas C, Schwartz RS, Shnier RC. Utility of magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosing ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. Clin Neurophysiol. 117(3):590-5, 2006 Mar.
101. [23026469]
Naam NN, Nemani SS. Radial tunnel syndrome. Orthop Clin North Am 43:529-36, .
102. [26213698]
Moradi AA, Ebrahimzadeh MM, Jupiter JJ. Radial Tunnel Syndrome, Diagnostic and Treatment Dilemma. Arch Bone Jt Surg 3:156-62, .
103. [20729434]
Miller TT, Reinus WR. Nerve entrapment syndromes of the elbow, forearm, and wrist. [Review] [71 refs]. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 195(3):585-94, 2010 Sep.
104. [15252695]
Jeon II, Fairbairn KK, Neumann LL, Wallace WW. MR imaging of edematous anconeus epitrochlearis: another cause of medial elbow pain?. Skeletal Radiol 34:103-7, .
105. [9219722]
Steinbach LL, Anderson SS, Panicek DD. MR imaging of musculoskeletal tumors in the elbow region. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 5:619-53, .
106. [29274860]
Elzohairy MM. Primary pyomyositis in children. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 104:397-403, .
107. [19204521]
Hausmann JJ, Vekszler GG, Breitenseher MM, Braunsteiner TT, Vécsei VV, Gäbler CC. Mason type-I radial head fractures and interosseous membrane lesions--a prospective study. J Trauma 66:457-61, .
108. [11216685]
Starch DD, Dabezies EE. Magnetic resonance imaging of the interosseous membrane of the forearm. J Bone Joint Surg Am 83:235-8, .
109. [-3197749]
American College of Radiology. ACR-SPR-SSR Practice Parameter for the Performance and Interpretation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of Bone and Soft-Tissue Tumors. Available at https://gravitas.acr.org/PPTS/GetDocumentView?docId=88+&releaseId=2
110. [16713859]
Frick MM. Imaging of the elbow: a review of imaging findings in acute and chronic traumatic disorders of the elbow. J Hand Ther 19:98-112, .
111. [16334848]
Pudas T, Hurme T, Mattila K, Svedstrom E. Magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric elbow fractures. Acta Radiol. 46(6):636-44, 2005 Oct.
112. [16015243]
Itamura JJ, Roidis NN, Mirzayan RR, Vaishnav SS, Learch TT, Shean CC. Radial head fractures: MRI evaluation of associated injuries. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 14:421-4, .
113. [20450424]
Kaas LL, Turkenburg JJ, van Riet RR, Vroemen JJ, Eygendaal DD. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in 46 elbows with a radial head fracture. Acta Orthop 81:373-6, .
114. [17805531]
Ouellette HH, Bredella MM, Labis JJ, Palmer WW, Torriani MM. MR imaging of the elbow in baseball pitchers. Skeletal Radiol 37:115-21, .
115. [23472586]
Wenzke DR. MR imaging of the elbow in the injured athlete. [Review]. Radiol Clin North Am. 51(2):195-213, 2013 Mar.
116. [15812713]
Chung CC, Stanley AA, Gentili AA. Magnetic resonance imaging of elbow instability. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 9:67-76, .
117. [7549214]
Fortier MM, Forster BB, Pinney SS, Regan WW. MR assessment of posttraumatic flexion contracture of the elbow. J Magn Reson Imaging 5:473-7, .
118. [-3098654]
American College of Radiology. ACR Practice Parameter for Performing and Interpreting Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Available at: https://gravitas.acr.org/PPTS/GetDocumentView?docId=146+&releaseId=2
119. [3188538]
Lechner WW, Bonn GG, Thews GG, Daxenbichler GG. [Chlorinated hydrocarbons in breast milk]. Wien Klin Wochenschr 100:622-4, .
120. [-3188535]
American College of Radiology. ACR Committee on Drugs and Contrast Media. Manual on Contrast Media. Available at: https://www.acr.org/Clinical-Resources/Clinical-Tools-and-Reference/Contrast-Manual.
121. [-3197839]
Shellock FG. Reference Manual for Magnetic Resonance Safety, Implants, and Devices. Playa Del Rey, CA Biomedical Research Publishing Group; 2013.
122. [-3197896]
Shellock FG, Crues JV. MR procedures: biologic effects, safety, and patient care. Radiology 2004;232:635-52.
123. [-3197748]
American College of Radiology. ACR–SPR Practice Parameter for the use of Intravascular Contrast Media. Available at https://gravitas.acr.org/PPTS/GetDocumentView?docId=142+&releaseId=2
124. [21678113]
Edwards AD, Arthurs OJ. Paediatric MRI under sedation: is it necessary? What is the evidence for the alternatives?. Pediatr Radiol. 2011 Nov;41(11):1353-64.
125. [-3197619]
American College of Radiology. ACR–SIR Practice Parameter For Minimal and/or Moderate Sedation/Analgesia. Available at https://gravitas.acr.org/PPTS/GetDocumentView?docId=95+&releaseId=2
126. [8798043]
Kersting-Sommerhoff BB, Hof NN, Lenz MM, Gerhardt PP. MRI of peripheral joints with a low-field dedicated system: a reliable and cost-effective alternative to high-field units?. Eur Radiol 6:561-5, .
127. [9454269]
Trattnig SS, Kontaxis GG, Breitenseher MM, et al. [MRI on low-field tomography systems (0.2 Tesla). A quantitative comparison with equipment of medium-field strength (1.0 Tesla)]. Radiologe 37:773-7, .
128. [26857473]
Okamoto YY, Maehara KK, Kanahori TT, Hiyama TT, Kawamura TT, Minami MM. Incidence of elbow injuries in adolescent baseball players: screening by a low field magnetic resonance imaging system specialized for small joints. Jpn J Radiol 34:300-6, .
129. [6701302]
Crooks LL, Arakawa MM, Hoenninger JJ, McCarten BB, Watts JJ, Kaufman LL. Magnetic resonance imaging: effects of magnetic field strength. Radiology 151:127-33, .
130. [11387095]
Holtz PP, Erickson SS, Holmquist KK. MR Imaging of the Elbow: Technical Considerations. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2:121-132, .
131. [9393511]
Erickson SJ. High-resolution imaging of the musculoskeletal system. Radiology. 1997 Dec;205(3):593-618.
132. [4048453]
Fisher MM, Barker BB, Amparo EE, et al. MR imaging using specialized coils. Radiology 157:443-7, .
133. [7976893]
Rubin DD, Kneeland JJ. MR imaging of the musculoskeletal system: technical considerations for enhancing image quality and diagnostic yield. AJR Am J Roentgenol 163:1155-63, .
134. [9219711]
Kneeland JJ. MR imaging of the elbow. Technical considerations. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 5:439-42, .
135. [16160112]
GlocknerJames FJFDepartment of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. glockner.james@mayo.edu, HuHouchun HHH, StanleyDavid WDW, AngelosLisaL, KingKevinK. Parallel MR imaging: a user's guide. Radiographics 25:1279-97, .
136. [8686595]
Sonin AA, Fitzgerald SS. MR imaging of sports injuries in the adult elbow: a tailored approach. AJR Am J Roentgenol 167:325-31, .
137. [6463267]
Hricak HH, Amparo EE. Body MRI: alleviation of claustrophobia by prone positioning. Radiology 152:819, .
138. [24381699]
Sampath SS, Sampath SS, Bredella MM. Magnetic resonance imaging of the elbow: a structured approach. Sports Health 5:34-49, .
139. [10067223]
Fritz RR. MR imaging of sports injuries of the elbow. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 7:51-72, viii, .
140. [15039168]
Giuffre BM, Moss MJ. Optimal positioning for MRI of the distal biceps brachii tendon: flexed abducted supinated view. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 182(4):944-6, 2004 Apr.
141. [3945757]
Kneeland JB, Shimakawa A, Wehrli FW. Effect of intersection spacing on MR image contrast and study time. Radiology. 1986 Mar;158(3):819-22.
142. [11810154]
Carrino JJ, Morrison WW, Zou KK, Steffen RR, Snearly WW, Murray PP. Noncontrast MR imaging and MR arthrography of the ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow: prospective evaluation of two-dimensional pulse sequences for detection of complete tears. Skeletal Radiol 30:625-32, .
143. [10663582]
Bush CH. The magnetic resonance imaging of musculoskeletal hemorrhage. Skeletal Radiol. 2000 Jan;29(1):1-9.
144. [8272883]
De Smet AA. Magnetic resonance findings in skeletal muscle tears. Skeletal Radiol. 1993 Oct;22(7):479-84.
145. [29095674]
Maeder Y, Dunet V, Richard R, Becce F, Omoumi P. Bone Marrow Metastases: T2-weighted Dixon Spin-Echo Fat Images Can Replace T1-weighted Spin-Echo Images. Radiology. 286(3):948-959, 2018 03.
146. [9562080]
Sugimoto HH, Hyodoh KK, Shinozaki TT. Throwing injury of the elbow: assessment with gradient three-dimensional, fourier transform gradient-echo and short tau inversion recovery images. J Magn Reson Imaging 8:487-92, .
147. [12942203]
Bergin D, Schweitzer ME. Indirect magnetic resonance arthrography. [Review] [29 refs]. Skeletal Radiol. 32(10):551-8, 2003 Oct.
148. [7568841]
Schwartz ML, al-Zahrani S, Morwessel RM, Andrews JR. Ulnar collateral ligament injury in the throwing athlete: evaluation with saline-enhanced MR arthrography. Radiology. 1995;197(1):297-299.
149. [24844471]
Bäumer PP, Pham MM, Ruetters MM, et al. Peripheral neuropathy: detection with diffusion-tensor imaging. Radiology 273:185-93, .
150. [31773457]
Rossi F, Bignotti B, Bianchi L, Picasso R, Martinoli C, Tagliafico AS. Radiomics of peripheral nerves MRI in mild carpal and cubital tunnel syndrome. Radiol Med (Torino). 125(2):197-203, 2020 Feb.
151. [2991345]
Bydder GG, Young II. MR imaging: clinical use of the inversion recovery sequence. J Comput Assist Tomogr 9:659-75, .
152. [2014300]
Fleckenstein JJ, Archer BB, Barker BB, Vaughan JJ, Parkey RR, Peshock RR. Fast short-tau inversion-recovery MR imaging. Radiology 179:499-504, .
153. [8249717]
Mirowitz SA. Fast scanning and fat-suppression MR imaging of musculoskeletal disorders. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1993;161(6):1147-1157.
154. [2704821]
Simon JJ, Szumowski JJ. Chemical shift imaging with paramagnetic contrast material enhancement for improved lesion depiction. Radiology 171:539-43, .
155. [19789228]
Jung JJ, Yoon YY, Kwon JJ, Ahn JJ, Choe BB. Diagnosis of internal derangement of the knee at 3.0-T MR imaging: 3D isotropic intermediate-weighted versus 2D sequences. Radiology 253:780-7, .
156. [20173102]
Kijowski RR, Blankenbaker DD, Woods MM, Shinki KK, De Smet AA, Reeder SS. 3.0-T evaluation of knee cartilage by using three-dimensional IDEAL GRASS imaging: comparison with fast spin-echo imaging. Radiology 255:117-27, .
157. [19703886]
Kijowski RR, Davis KK, Woods MM, et al. Knee joint: comprehensive assessment with 3D isotropic resolution fast spin-echo MR imaging--diagnostic performance compared with that of conventional MR imaging at 3.0 T. Radiology 252:486-95, .
158. [31264014]
Delattre BB, Boudabbous SS, Hansen CC, Neroladaki AA, Hachulla AA, Vargas MM. Compressed sensing MRI of different organs: ready for clinical daily practice?. Eur Radiol 30:308-319, .
159. [11392291]
Peh WC, Chan JH. Artifacts in musculoskeletal magnetic resonance imaging: identification and correction. Skeletal Radiol. 2001 Apr;30(4):179-91.
160. [3495155]
Haacke EM, Lenz GW. Improving MR image quality in the presence of motion by using rephasing gradients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1987 Jun;148(6):1251-8.
161. [12525938]
Schulte-Altedorneburg G, Gebhard M, Wohlgemuth WA, et al. MR arthrography: pharmacology, efficacy and safety in clinical trials. Skeletal Radiol. 2003 Jan;32(1):1-12.
162. [-3197621]
American College of Radiology. ACR Practice Parameter for Communication of Diagnostic Imaging Findings. Available at https://gravitas.acr.org/PPTS/GetDocumentView?docId=74+&releaseId=2
163. [-3197844]
Shellock FG. Guide to MR Procedures and Metallic Objects: Update 2001. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001.
164. [10931569]
Sawyer-Glover AM, Shellock FG. Pre-MRI procedure screening: recommendations and safety considerations for biomedical implants and devices. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2000 Jul;12(1):92-106.
165. [-3197639]
American College of Radiology. ACR–AAPM Technical Standard for Diagnostic Medical Physics Performance Monitoring of Magnetic Resonance (MR) Imaging Equipment. Available at https://gravitas.acr.org/PPTS/GetDocumentView?docId=57+&releaseId=2