ACR–SIR–SPR PRACTICE PARAMETER FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROSTOMY

PREAMBLE

I. INTRODUCTION

II. INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS

III. QUALIFICATIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF PERSONNEL

IV. SPECIFICATIONS AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROCEUDRE

V. DOCUMENTATION

VI. RADIATION SAFETY IN IMAGING

VII. QUALITY CONTROL AND IMPROVEMENT, SAFETY, INFECTION CONTROL, AND PATIENT EDUCATION

VIII. QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

1. Farrell TA, Hicks ME. A review of radiologically guided percutaneous nephrostomies in 303 patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1997;8(5):769-774.
2. Hausegger KK, Portugaller HH. Percutaneous nephrostomy and antegrade ureteral stenting: technique-indications-complications. Eur Radiol 16:2016-30, .
3. Laurin S, Sandström S, Ivarsson H. Percutaneous nephrostomy in infants and children. Acad Radiol. 2000 Jul;7(7):526-9.
4. Millward SF. Percutaneous nephrostomy: a practical approach. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2000 Sep;11(8):955-64.
5. Nariculam J, Murphy DG, Jenner C, et al. Nephrostomy insertion for patients with bilateral ureteric obstruction caused by prostate cancer. Br J Radiol. 82(979):571-6, 2009 Jul.
6. Romero FF, Broglio MM, Pires SS, Roca RR, Guibu II, Perez MM. Indications for percutaneous nephrostomy in patients with obstructive uropathy due to malignant urogenital neoplasias. Int Braz J Urol 31:117-24, .
7. Shokeir AA, El-Diasty T, Eassa W, et al. Diagnosis of ureteral obstruction in patients with compromised renal function: the role of noninvasive imaging modalities. J Urol. 2004;171(6 Pt 1):2303-2306.
8. Stables DD. Percutaneous nephrostomy: techniques, indications, and results. Urol Clin North Am 9:15-29, .
9. Wilson JJ, Urwin GG, Stower MM. The role of percutaneous nephrostomy in malignant ureteric obstruction. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 87:21-4, .
10. Zagoria RR, Hodge RR, Dyer RR, Routh WW. Percutaneous nephrostomy for treatment of intractable hemorrhagic cystitis. J Urol 149:1449-51, .
11. Krohmer SS, Pillai AA, Guevara CC, Bones BB, Dickey KK. Image-Guided Nephrostomy Interventions: How to Recognize, Avoid, or Get Out of Trouble. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 21:261-266, .
12. Liu BB, Huang GG, Xie XX, Zhuang BB, Xie XX, Lu MM. Contrast-enhanced US-assisted Percutaneous Nephrostomy: A Technique to Increase Success Rate for Patients with Nondilated Renal Collecting System. Radiology 285:293-301, .
13. Barbaric ZZ, Hall TT, Cochran SS, et al. Percutaneous nephrostomy: placement under CT and fluoroscopy guidance. AJR Am J Roentgenol 169:151-5, .
14. Basiri AA, Mehrabi SS, Kianian HH, Javaherforooshzadeh AA. Blind puncture in comparison with fluoroscopic guidance in percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a randomized controlled trial. Urol J 4:79-83; discussion 83-5, .
15. Basiri AA, Ziaee AA, Kianian HH, Mehrabi SS, Karami HH, Moghaddam SS. Ultrasonographic versus fluoroscopic access for percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a randomized clinical trial. J Endourol 22:281-4, .
16. Basiri AA, Ziaee SS, Nasseh HH, et al. Totally ultrasonography-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the flank position. J Endourol 22:1453-7, .
17. Egilmez HH, Oztoprak II, Atalar MM, et al. The place of computed tomography as a guidance modality in percutaneous nephrostomy: analysis of a 10-year single-center experience. Acta Radiol 48:806-13, .
18. El-Ghar MM, Shokeir AA, El-Diasty TT, Refaie HH, Gad HH, El-Dein AA. Contrast enhanced spiral computerized tomography in patients with chronic obstructive uropathy and normal serum creatinine: a single session for anatomical and functional assessment. J Urol 172:985-8, .
19. Hosseini MM, Hassanpour AA, Farzan RR, Yousefi AA, Afrasiabi MM. Ultrasonography-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy. J Endourol 23:603-7, .
20. Mahmood TT, Younus RR, Ahmad FF, Memon SS, Moavia AA. Ultrasound as a reliable guidance system for percutaneous nephrostomy. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 17:15-8, .
21. Matlaga BR, Shah OD, Zagoria RJ, Dyer RB, Streem SB, Assimos DG. Computerized tomography guided access for percutaneous nephrostolithotomy. J Urol. 2003 Jul;170(1):45-7.
22. Osman MM, Wendt-Nordahl GG, Heger KK, Michel MM, Alken PP, Knoll TT. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy with ultrasonography-guided renal access: experience from over 300 cases. BJU Int 96:875-8, .
23. Patel UU, Hussain FF. Percutaneous nephrostomy of nondilated renal collecting systems with fluoroscopic guidance: technique and results. Radiology 233:226-33, .
24. Patel UU, Walkden RR, Ghani KK, Anson KK. Three-dimensional CT pyelography for planning of percutaneous nephrostolithotomy: accuracy of stone measurement, stone depiction and pelvicalyceal reconstruction. Eur Radiol 19:1280-8, .
25. Skolarikos AA, Alivizatos GG, Papatsoris AA, Constantinides KK, Zerbas AA, Deliveliotis CC. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous nephrostomy performed by urologists: 10-year experience. Urology 68:495-9, .
26. Sood GG, Sood AA, Jindal AA, Verma DD, Dhiman DD. Ultrasound guided percutaneous nephrostomy for obstructive uropathy in benign and malignant diseases. Int Braz J Urol 32:281-6, .
27. Thanos LL, Mylona SS, Stroumpouli EE, Kalioras VV, Pomoni MM, Batakis NN. Percutaneous CT-guided nephrostomy: a safe and quick alternative method in management of obstructive and nonobstructive uropathy. J Endourol 20:486-90, .
28. Chalmers N, Jones K, Drinkwater K, Uberoi R, Tawn J. The UK nephrostomy audit. Can a voluntary registry produce robust performance data? Clin Radiol. 2008;63(8):888-894.
29. Pabon-Ramos WW, Dariushnia SS, Walker TT, et al. Quality Improvement Guidelines for Percutaneous Nephrostomy. J Vasc Interv Radiol 27:410-4, .
30. Aytekin CC, Boyvat FF, Harman AA, Ozyer UU, Colak TT, Haberal MM. Percutaneous therapy of ureteral obstructions and leak after renal transplantation: long-term results. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 30:1178-84, .
31. Kefer JJ, Turna BB, Stein RR, Desai MM. Safety and efficacy of percutaneous nephrostolithotomy in patients on anticoagulant therapy. J Urol 181:144-8, .
32. Davidson JJ, Rahim SS, Hanks SS, et al. Society of Interventional Radiology Consensus Guidelines for the Periprocedural Management of Thrombotic and Bleeding Risk in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Image-Guided Interventions-Part I: Review of Anticoagulation Agents and Clinical Considerations: Endorsed by the Canadian Association for Interventional Radiology and the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe. J Vasc Interv Radiol 30:1155-1167, .
33. Patel II, Rahim SS, Davidson JJ, et al. Society of Interventional Radiology Consensus Guidelines for the Periprocedural Management of Thrombotic and Bleeding Risk in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Image-Guided Interventions-Part II: Recommendations: Endorsed by the Canadian Association for Interventional Radiology and the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe. J Vasc Interv Radiol 30:1168-1184.e1, .
34. Stokes LS, Meranze SG. Percutaneous nephrostomy, cystostomy, and nephroureteral stenting. In: Mauro MA, Murphy KPJ, Thompson KR, Venbrux AC, Morgan RA., eds. Image-Guided Interventions 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunder; 2014:1077.
35. Dagli MM, Ramchandani PP. Percutaneous nephrostomy: technical aspects and indications. Semin Intervent Radiol 28:424-37, .
36. ACR ASRT joint statement. Radiologist assistant roles and responsibilities. Digest of Council Actions. Reston, Va: American College of Radiology; 2008:147.
37. Khoo L, Anson K, Patel U. Success and short-term complication rates of percutaneous nephrostomy during pregnancy. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2004;15(12):1469-1473.
38. American College of Radiology. ACR-SPR Practice Parameter for Imaging Pregnant or Potentially Pregnant Patients with Ionizing Radiation. Available at: https://gravitas.acr.org/PPTS/GetDocumentView?docId=23+&releaseId=2.
39. American College of Radiology. ACR Practice Parameter for Continuing Medical Education. Available at https://gravitas.acr.org/PPTS/GetDocumentView?docId=130+&releaseId=2
40. American College of Radiology. ACR–SIR–SNIS–SPR Practice Parameter for the Clinical Practice of Interventional Radiology. Available at https://gravitas.acr.org/PPTS/GetDocumentView?docId=36+&releaseId=2
41. , Khong PP, Ringertz HH, et al. ICRP publication 121: radiological protection in paediatric diagnostic and interventional radiology. Ann ICRP 42:1-63, .
42. Miller DD, Balter SS, Wagner LL, et al. Quality improvement guidelines for recording patient radiation dose in the medical record. J Vasc Interv Radiol 15:423-9, .
43. American College of Radiology. ACR–SIR Practice Parameter For Minimal and/or Moderate Sedation/Analgesia. Available at https://gravitas.acr.org/PPTS/GetDocumentView?docId=95+&releaseId=2
44. Lee WJ, Mond DJ, Patel M, Pillari GP. Emergency percutaneous nephrostomy: technical success based on level of operator experience. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1994;5(2):327-330.
45. Lewis SS, Patel UU. Major complications after percutaneous nephrostomy-lessons from a department audit. Clin Radiol 59:171-9, .
46. Morris DD, Wei JJ, Taub DD, Dunn RR, Wolf JJ, Hollenbeck BB. Temporal trends in the use of percutaneous nephrolithotomy. J Urol 175:1731-6, .
47. Cochran ST, Barbaric ZL, Lee JJ, Kashfian P. Percutaneous nephrostomy tube placement: an outpatient procedure? Radiology. 1991;179(3):843-847.
48. Gray RR, So CB, McLoughlin RF, Pugash RA, Saliken JC, Macklin NI. Outpatient percutaneous nephrostomy. Radiology. 1996;198(1):85-88.
49. Hogan MJ, Coley BD, Jayanthi VR, Shiels WE, Koff SA. Percutaneous nephrostomy in children and adolescents: outpatient management. Radiology. 2001 Jan;218(1):207-10.
50. American College of Radiology. ACR–SIR–SPR Practice Parameter on Informed Consent for Image-Guided Procedures. Available at https://gravitas.acr.org/PPTS/GetDocumentView?docId=176+&releaseId=2
51. American College of Radiology. ACR–SIR–SPR Practice Parameter for the Reporting and Archiving of Interventional Radiology Procedures. Available at https://gravitas.acr.org/PPTS/GetDocumentView?docId=39+&releaseId=2
52. American College of Radiology. ACR-AAPM Technical Standard for Management of the Use of Radiation in Fluoroscopic Procedures. Available at https://gravitas.acr.org/PPTS/GetDocumentView?docId=197+&releaseId=2
53. Sidhu MM, Goske MM, Coley BB, et al. Image gently, step lightly: increasing radiation dose awareness in pediatric interventions through an international social marketing campaign. J Vasc Interv Radiol 20:1115-9, .
54. Fonio PP, Appendino EE, Calandri MM, Faletti RR, Righi DD, Gandini GG. Treatment of urological complications in more than 1,000 kidney transplantations: the role of interventional radiology. Radiol Med 120:206-12, .
55. Degirmenci TT, Gunlusoy BB, Kozacioglu ZZ, et al. Utilization of a modified Clavien Classification System in reporting complications after ultrasound-guided percutaneous nephrostomy tube placement: comparison to standard Society of Interventional Radiology practice guidelines. Urology 81:1161-7, .
56. Montvilas P, Solvig J, Johansen TE. Single-centre review of radiologically guided percutaneous nephrostomy using "mixed" technique: success and complication rates. Eur J Radiol. 80(2):553-8, 2011 Nov.
57. Wah TT, Weston MM, Irving HH. Percutaneous nephrostomy insertion: outcome data from a prospective multi-operator study at a UK training centre. Clin Radiol 59:255-61, .
58. Al-Kohlany KK, Shokeir AA, Mosbah AA, et al. Treatment of complete staghorn stones: a prospective randomized comparison of open surgery versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy. J Urol 173:469-73, .
59. Bird VG, Fallon B, Winfield HN. Practice patterns in the treatment of large renal stones. J Endourol. 2003 Aug;17(6):355-63.
60. Desai MM, Jain PP, Ganpule AA, Sabnis RR, Patel SS, Shrivastav PP. Developments in technique and technology: the effect on the results of percutaneous nephrolithotomy for staghorn calculi. BJU Int 104:542-8; discussion 548, .
61. Bahu R, Chaftari AM, Hachem RY, et al. Nephrostomy tube related pyelonephritis in patients with cancer: epidemiology, infection rate and risk factors. J Urol. 189(1):130-5, 2013 Jan.
62. Carrafiello GG, Laganà DD, Mangini MM, et al. Complications of percutaneous nephrostomy in the treatment of malignant ureteral obstructions: single-centre review. Radiol Med 111:562-71, .
63. Ng CK, Yip SK, Sim LS, et al. Outcome of percutaneous nephrostomy for the management of pyonephrosis. Asian J Surg. 2002;25(3):215-219.
64. Radecka EE, Magnusson AA. Complications associated with percutaneous nephrostomies. A retrospective study. Acta Radiol 45:184-8, .
65. Rana AA, Zaidi ZZ, El-Khalid SS. Single-center review of fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous nephrostomy performed by urologic surgeons. J Endourol 21:688-91, .
66. Chen H, Qi L, Zu X, et al. Percutaneous intrarenal cyst marsupialization and simultaneous nephrolithotomy in selected patients: killing two birds with one stone?. Urology. 84(6):1267-71, 2014 Dec.
67. Funaki BB, Vatakencherry GG. Comparison of single-stick and double-stick techniques for percutaneous nephrostomy. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 27:35-7, .
68. Pappas P, Stravodimos KG, Mitropoulos D, et al. Role of percutaneous urinary diversion in malignant and benign obstructive uropathy. J Endourol. 2000 Jun;14(5):401-5.
69. Lee WW, Smith AA, Cubelli VV, et al. Complications of percutaneous nephrolithotomy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 148:177-80, .
70. Rao PP, Dube DD, Weightman NN, Oppenheim BB, Morris JJ. Prediction of septicemia following endourological manipulation for stones in the upper urinary tract. J Urol 146:955-60, .
71. Kang KK, Kwak HH, Han YY, et al. A delayed case of renal artery pseudoaneurysm presented with gross hematuria and azotemia in solitary kidney following percutaneous nephrostomy: treated by transcatheter coil embolization. Int Urol Nephrol 40:811-3, .
72. Mahaffey KK, Bolton DD, Stoller MM. Urologist directed percutaneous nephrostomy tube placement. J Urol 152:1973-6, .
73. Miller GL, Summa J. Transcolonic placement of a percutaneous nephrostomy tube: recognition and treatment. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1997;8(3):401-403.
74. Hopper KK, Yakes WW. The posterior intercostal approach for percutaneous renal procedures: risk of puncturing the lung, spleen, and liver as determined by CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 154:115-7, .
75. Kessaris DD, Bellman GG, Pardalidis NN, Smith AA. Management of hemorrhage after percutaneous renal surgery. J Urol 153:604-8, .
76. Irving HC, Weston MJ, Wah TM. Out of hours percutaneous nephrostomy. Clin Radiol. 2003 Jun;58(6):496.