ACR–AIUM–SPR–SRU PRACTICE PARAMETER FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF AN ULTRASOUND EXAMINATION OF THE NEONATAL AND INFANT SPINE

PREAMBLE

I. INTRODUCTION

II. INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS

III. QUALIFICATIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF PERSONNEL

IV. WRITTEN REQUEST FOR THE EXAMINATION

V. SPECIFICATIONS OF THE EXAMINATION

VI. DOCUMENTATION

VII. EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS

VIII. QUALITY CONTROL AND IMPROVEMENT, SAFETY, INFECTION CONTROL, AND PATIENT EDUCATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

1. Meyers AB, Chandra T, Epelman M. Sonographic spinal imaging of normal anatomy, pathology and magnetic growing rods in children. [Review]. Pediatric Radiology. 47(9):1046-1057, 2017 Aug.Pediatr Radiol. 47(9):1046-1057, 2017 Aug.
2. Guggisberg DD, Hadj-Rabia SS, Viney CC, et al. Skin markers of occult spinal dysraphism in children: a review of 54 cases. Arch Dermatol 140:1109-15, .
3. Izci YY, Gonul MM, Gonul EE. The diagnostic value of skin lesions in split cord malformations. J Clin Neurosci 14:860-3, .
4. Kriss VV, Desai NN. Occult spinal dysraphism in neonates: assessment of high-risk cutaneous stigmata on sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 171:1687-92, .
5. Ozturk EE, Sonmez GG, Mutlu HH, et al. Split-cord malformation and accompanying anomalies. J Neuroradiol 35:150-6, .
6. Robinson AA, Russell SS, Rimmer SS. The value of ultrasonic examination of the lumbar spine in infants with specific reference to cutaneous markers of occult spinal dysraphism. Clin Radiol 60:72-7, .
7. Long FF, Hunter JJ, Mahboubi SS, Kalmus AA, Templeton JJ. Tethered cord and associated vertebral anomalies in children and infants with imperforate anus: evaluation with MR imaging and plain radiography. Radiology 200:377-82, .
8. Medina LS, Crone K, Kuntz KM. Newborns with suspected occult spinal dysraphism: a cost-effectiveness analysis of diagnostic strategies. Pediatrics. 2001 Dec;108(6):E101.
9. Beek FF, de Vries LL, Gerards LL, Mali WW. Sonographic determination of the position of the conus medullaris in premature and term infants. Neuroradiology 38 Suppl 1:S174-7, .
10. Schumacher WE, Drolet BA, Maheshwari M, et al. Spinal dysraphism associated with the cutaneous lumbosacral infantile hemangioma: a neuroradiological review. Pediatr Radiol. 42(3):315-20, 2012 Mar.
11. Drolet BB, Chamlin SS, Garzon MM, et al. Prospective study of spinal anomalies in children with infantile hemangiomas of the lumbosacral skin. J Pediatr 157:789-94, .
12. Coley BD, Shiels WE, Hogan MJ. Diagnostic and interventional ultrasonography in neonatal and infant lumbar puncture. Pediatr Radiol. 2001 Jun;31(6):399-402.
13. Pierce DD, Shivaram GG, Koo KK, Shaw DD, Meyer KK, Monroe EE. Ultrasound-guided lumbar puncture in pediatric patients: technical success and safety. Pediatr Radiol 48:875-881, .
14. Kucera JN, Coley I, O'Hara S, Kosnik EJ, Coley BD. The simple sacral dimple: diagnostic yield of ultrasound in neonates. Pediatric Radiology. 45(2):211-6, 2015 Feb.Pediatr Radiol. 45(2):211-6, 2015 Feb.
15. Gerscovich EO, Maslen L, Cronan MS, et al. Spinal sonography and magnetic resonance imaging in patients with repaired myelomeningocele: comparison of modalities. J Ultrasound Med. 1999 Sep;18(9):655-64.
16. Alvarado EE, Leach JJ, Caré MM, Mangano FF, O Hara SS. Pediatric Spinal Ultrasound: Neonatal and Intraoperative Applications. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 38:126-142, .
17. Kil HH. Caudal and epidural blocks in infants and small children: historical perspective and ultrasound-guided approaches. Korean J Anesthesiol 71:430-439, .
18. American College of Radiology. ACR–SPR–SRU Practice Parameter for Performing and Interpreting Diagnostic Ultrasound Examinations. Available at: https://gravitas.acr.org/PPTS/GetDocumentView?docId=24+&releaseId=2
19. Gleason CC, Martin RR, Anderson JJ, Carlo WW, Sanniti KK, Fanaroff AA. Optimal position for a spinal tap in preterm infants. Pediatrics 71:31-5, .
20. DiPietro MM. The conus medullaris: normal US findings throughout childhood. Radiology 188:149-53, .
21. Kesler HH, Dias MM, Kalapos PP. Termination of the normal conus medullaris in children: a whole-spine magnetic resonance imaging study. Neurosurg Focus 23:E7, .
22. Wilson DD, Prince JJ. John Caffey award. MR imaging determination of the location of the normal conus medullaris throughout childhood. AJR Am J Roentgenol 152:1029-32, .
23. Zalel YY, Lehavi OO, Aizenstein OO, Achiron RR. Development of the fetal spinal cord: time of ascendance of the normal conus medullaris as detected by sonography. J Ultrasound Med 25:1397-401; quiz 1402-3, .
24. Thakur NN, Lowe LL. Borderline low conus medullaris on infant lumbar sonography: what is the clinical outcome and the role of neuroimaging follow-up?. Pediatr Radiol 41:483-7, .
25. Deeg KK, Lode HH, Gassner II. Spinal sonography in newborns and infants--Part I: method, normal anatomy and indications. Ultraschall Med 28:507-17, .
26. Lowe LH, Johanek AJ, Moore CW. Sonography of the neonatal spine: part 1, Normal anatomy, imaging pitfalls, and variations that may simulate disorders. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):733-738.
27. Taveras JM, Ferrucci J, Dalinka M. Radiology: Diagnosis Imaging Intervention. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2003.
28. Cho HH, Lee SM, You SK. Optimal Timing of Spinal Ultrasound Evaluations for Sacral Dimples in Neonates: Earlier May Not Be Better. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 38(5):1241-1247, 2019 May.J Ultrasound Med. 38(5):1241-1247, 2019 May.
29. Hedrick WR, Hykes, DL, Starchman DE. Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation. 4th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Mosby; 2005.
30. Kremkau FW. Diagnostic Ultrasound; Principles and Instruments. 7th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Saunders Elsevier; 2006.
31. Hedrick WR. Technology For Diagnostic Sonography. 1st ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier/Mosby; 2013.
32. Yundt KK, Park TT, Kaufman BB. Normal diameter of filum terminale in children: in vivo measurement. Pediatr Neurosurg 27:257-9, .
33. Shin HH, Kim MM, Lee HH, Kim HH, Lee MM. Optimal Filum Terminale Thickness Cutoff Value on Sonography for Lipoma Screening in Young Children. J Ultrasound Med 34:1943-9, .
34. American College of Radiology. ACR Practice Parameter for Communication of Diagnostic Imaging Findings. Available at https://gravitas.acr.org/PPTS/GetDocumentView?docId=74+&releaseId=2
35. American College of Radiology. ACR–AAPM Technical Standard for Diagnostic Medical Physics Performance Monitoring of Real Time Ultrasound Equipment. Available at https://gravitas.acr.org/PPTS/GetDocumentView?docId=118+&releaseId=2
36. Unsinn KM, Geley T, Freund MC, Gassner I. US of the spinal cord in newborns: spectrum of normal findings, variants, congenital anomalies, and acquired diseases. Radiographics. 2000;20(4):923-38.